第二部分 难度提升训练30篇
Text 1
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online
Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.
The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims, of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.
Identity theft is "all absolute epidemic," states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy. "It's certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It's worldwide. It affects everybody, and there's very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can't detect it until it's probably too late."
Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, your personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities altogether, running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims' names. In many eases, a victim's losses may include not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.
According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful online job search is learning to manage the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet.
1.Cheek for a Privacy Policy
If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site you are considering has a privacy policy, like CareerBuilder.com. The policy should spell out how your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors（推销员）.
When reviewing the site's privacy policy, you'll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won't necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positive and not-so-positive, it will receive.
2.Take Advantage of Site Features
Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objectives and the level of risk you are willing to assume.
CareerBuilder.com, for example, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible.
The second is anonymous（匿名的）posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display.
The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerBuilder.com without retyping their information.
3.Safeguard Your Identity
Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic（泛指的）identifier, such as "Intranet Developer Candidate" or "Experienced Marketing Representative”.
You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as "Major auto manufacturer", or "International packaged goods supplier."
If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer.
4.Establish All Email Address for Your Search
Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you don't know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others.
Using an email address specifically for your job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn't contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr2004@provider.com.
5.Protect Your References
If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There's no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references.
6.Keep Confident（rmation Confidential
Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, driver's license, and bank account numbers or other personal information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Don't provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book—don't fall for it.
1.Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.
2.In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims' immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their reputation.
3.Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.
4.It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.
5.Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder.com in Suggestion 2, the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.
6.Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks.
7.Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seeking employment online.
8.Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent you from receiving_______________.
9.To protect your references, you should not post online their___________________________________.
10.According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically for____________________________.
1.【答案】Y
【解析】依据第三段末句“It affects everybody, and there's very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can't detect it until it's probably too late.”通过这句话可知，身份信息被窃取会影响到每一个人，人们对此却无能为力。最糟糕的是，当人们发现身份信息被窃取时，可能为时已晚。据此判断，本题答案是Y。
2.【答案】Y
【解析】依据第四段末句“In many cases, a victim's losses may include not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated...”通过这句话可知，在许多情况下，受害人必须承受的损失不仅是金钱上的实际损失，而且还包括受害人试图恢复其在公众中的声誉、修正其不良信息时，不得不承担的其他大量的经济损失。据此判断，本题答案是Y。
3.【答案】N
【解析】依据第五段首句“According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet.”通过这句话可知，根据FBI的调查结果，个人信息欺诈是网上欺诈行为最多的一种。第二段最后两句“A recent...estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime...”通过这两句话可知，根据总会计署的报告，在美国。每年身份信息被窃取的人数高达75万。这有可能只是保守估计，因为有些人即使被窃取了身份信息，也不去报警。据此判断，本题答案是N。
4.【答案】Y
【解析】依据第一小标题第二段第二句“You won't necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job.”通过这句话可知，一旦自己找到了工作，就不必再将简历发布在网络上了。据此判断，本题答案是Y。
5.【答案】NG
【解析】依据第二小标题首段第二句“Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objectives and the level of risk you are willing to assume.”通过这句话可知，在发布简历之前，要仔细考虑自己的求职目标以及自己愿意承担的风险程度。接下来分别介绍三种保护隐私的简历发布形式。据此判断，本题答案是NC。
6.【答案】N
【解析】依据第六小标题第二句“Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application.”通过这句话可知，真正的雇主在求职者初次申请工作时并不需要这些信息。据此判断，本题答案是N。
7.【答案】Y
【解析】依据第三小标题首段末句“Replace your name on your resume with a generic identifier, such as...”通过这句话可知，在简历上改换名字，使用一些泛指的称呼，如"企业内部网络开发员职位应聘人"或者"经验丰富的营销业务代理"等。又据第二段首句“You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer.”通过这句话可知，求职者应该考虑删除现在雇主的姓名和地址。据以上内容判断，本题答案是Y。
8.【答案】unwelcome emails
【解析】依据第四小标题第二段首句“Using an email address specifically for your job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox.”通过这句话可知，开立一个专门用来进行网上求职的电子邮件账户还能使自己的常用邮箱免受垃圾邮件的骚扰。据此判断，本题答案是unwelcome emails。
9.【答案】names and contact information／private contact information
【解析】依据第五小标题“If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There's no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references.”通过这段话可知，如果你的简历上包含介绍证明人的姓名和联系信息的部分，一定要删除。想要保护自己的个人信息，却公开自己证明人的联系信息，这样做是不对的。据此判断，本题答案是names and contact information／private contact information。
10.【答案】economic gain
【解析】依据第一段“Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to...in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.”通过这段话可知，“窃取身份信息”和“身份信息欺诈”这两个术语指各种类型的通过欺诈等不正当方式，尤指以获得经济利益为目的，非法获取和使用他人身份信息的犯罪行为。据此判断，本题答案是economic gain。
参考译文
网上求职请注意保护个人隐私
“窃取身份信息”和“身份信息欺诈”这两个术语指各种类型的通过欺诈等不正当方式，尤指以获得经济利益为目的，非法获取和使用他人身份信息的犯罪行为。
最近，与窃取身份信息相关的数字不断增长。来自总审计局的一份最近的报告估计美国每年身份信息被窃取的人数高达75万。这有可能只是保守估计，因为有些人即使被窃取了身份信息，也不去报警。
Robert Ellis Smith是一位令人尊敬的作家，同时也是“尊重个人隐私”的倡导者。他说：身份信息被窃取“绝对是普遍存在的。在过去的四、五年里，其蔓延速度非常惊人，并且是全球性的，会影响到我们每一个人。然而人们对此却是无能为力。最糟糕的是，当人们发现自己的身份信息被窃取时，可能为时已晚。”
每个人的指纹都是不同的，别人无法据为己有。而个人信息则不同。个人信息，尤其是个人的社保号码、银行账户或信用卡号码、电话卡号码以及其他有价值的个人身份信息，一旦落入坏人之手，都可能被用来谋取利益，这当然是以你的损失为代价。比如在美国和加拿大，许多人报告说，有人未经授权就已经从他们的银行账户或金融账户中支取了资金，甚至更为严重的是，同时窃取了他们的身份信息，盗用受害人的名号高筑债台或进行犯罪活动。在许多情况下，受害人承受的损失不仅是金钱上的实际损失，而受害人在试图恢复其在公众中的声誉、修正其不良信息时，还必须承担大量其他的经济损失。而这些损失的成本应该是由犯罪分子承担责任的。
联邦调查局的调查显示，个人信息欺诈是最多的一种网上欺诈行为。那么，求职者们不断在网上发布个人简历时，又该如何保护自己呢？成功进行网上求职的关键在于学会如何应对风险。下面介绍一些有益的方法来帮助大家确保网上求职时的安全。
1.检查隐私保护条款。
如果你打算在网上发布个人简历，一定要确保自己所考虑的求职网站必须和CareerBuilder.com网站一样有隐私保护条款。隐私条款应当明确说明个人信息将被如何使用、如何存储以及是否会被共享。在决定把个人简历发布到能够自动与他人共享信息的网站上之前，一定要三思而后行，因为如果这样的话，个人信息将被公开，甚至可能会不断接到推销员们的骚扰电话。
要反复查看网站的隐私保护条款，确保自己既能自如地发布简历，也能够自如地删除简历。一旦自己找到了工作，就不必再将简历发布在网络上。一定要记住：简历在网站上发布的时间越久，自己的隐私信息暴露得就会越多，当然这种暴露既包含积极的因素，也含有不很积极的因素。
2.充分利用网站的特色。
合法的求职网站能够提供不同级别的隐私保护。在发布简历之前，要仔细考虑自己的求职目标以及自己愿意承担的风险程度。
例如，CareerBuilder网站就提供了三种不同级别的隐私保护条款，以供求职者进行选择。第一种是标准发布。选择这种发布方式可以使最大可能范围内的雇主群体看到求职者的简历。
第二种是匿名发布。选择这种发布方式所能达到的目标群体和标准发布相同，只不过不需要发布个人的任何联系信息。希望匿名但又想分享一些其他信息的求职者可以选择发布任意一种个人联系方式。
第三种是秘密发布。选择这种发布方式可以帮助求职者发布简历，同时又能不被现在的雇主搜索到。秘密发布给求职者带来的好处在于，他们能够快速便捷地申请CareerBuilder网站上发布的招聘信息，而不需要重复输入他们的相关信息。
3.保护自己的身份信息。
职业专家们认为，求职者们如果想在网络搜寻职位的同时保证安全，最好的方法之一就是隐藏个人的身份信息。在简历上改换名字，使用一些泛指的称呼，如“企业内部网络开发员职位应聘人”或者“经验丰富的营销业务代理”等。
应该考虑删除现在雇主的姓名和所在地址。一旦提供现在所在公司的名称，通过查看你在公司的头衔，确定你的身份应该不会是一件很难的事情。可以对现在的公司进行一般化的描述，比如“重要的汽车生产商”或“国际包装产品供应商”。
如果你的头衔名称比较奇特，可以考虑使用一些普通的但意义相同的头衔，而不使用雇主所规定的完全一样的头衔。
4.申请一个专供求职使用的电子邮箱。
网上求职时保护个人隐私的另一种方法是开立一个专门用来进行网上求职的电子邮件账户。如果出现陌生人掌握了你的这个电子邮件地址，并且与别人分享的情况，这样做可以保护你现有的电子邮箱。
开立一个专门用来进行网上求职的电子邮件账户还能使自己的常用邮箱免受垃圾邮件的骚扰。为新的电子邮件地址命名时，要确保其中没有自己的姓名和其他会泄漏个人身份的信息。最好的解决方法是选取一个与你所申请的工作相关的电子邮件地址，比如salesmgr2004@provider.com.
5.保护你的证明人。
如果你的简历上包含介绍证明人的姓名和联系信息的部分，一定要删除。想要保护自己的个人信息，却公开自己证明人的联系信息，这样做是不对的。
6.机密的信息一定要机密。
在任何情况下都不能泄漏自己的社保号码、驾照号码、银行账号和其他个人信息，如种族、眼睛颜色等。真正的雇主在求职人初次申请工作时并不需要这些信息。即使有的雇主声称他们需要你的这些信息进行身份背景核查，也坚决不能提供。这是书本上最老套的把戏了，千万不要中了它的圈套。
Text 2
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Media Selection for Advertisements
After determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.
Television
Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.
Television's influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous（具有共同特点的）than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.
Newspapers
After television, the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation（发行量）by 40％ and is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium.
Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given dew production techniques, advertisements can be printed in newspapers in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the message out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local readers.
Radio
Advertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor billboards（广告牌）and the internet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often. Internet companies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours.
Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.
Magazines
Newsweeklies, women's titles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising because they attract the high-end market. Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver. A broadcast medium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous. If you read Sports Illustrated, for example, you have much in common with the magazine's other readers. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.
Advertisers using the print media—magazines and newspapers—will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspaper. These audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed（分散）than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.
Out-of-home Advertising
Out-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.
Internet
As consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember.
Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations' advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as well.
Direct Mail
A final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client's message. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards, and special promotions. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many businesses, direct mail is the most effective form of advertising.
1.Television is an attractive advertising medium in that______.
A.it has large audiences B.it appeals to housewives
C.it helps build up a company's reputation D.it is affordable to most advertisers
2.With the increase in the number of TV channels,______.
A.the cost of TV advertising has decreased
B.the number of TV viewers has increased
C.advertisers' interest in other media has decreased
D.the number of TV ads people can see has increased
3.Compared with television, newspapers as an advertising medium______.
A.earn a larger annual ad revenue B.convey more detailed messages
C.use more production techniques D.get messages out more effectively
4.Advertising on radio continues to grow because______.
A.more local radio stations have been set up B.modern technology makes it more entertaining
C.it provides easy access to consumers D.it has been revolutionized by Internet radio
5.Magazines are seen by advertisers as an efficient way to______.
A.reach target audiences B.appeal to educated people
C.attract diverse audiences D.convey all kinds of messages
6.Out-of-home advertising has become more effective because______.
A.billboards can be replaced within two hours B.consumers travel more now than ever before
C.such ads have been made much more attractive D.the pace of urban life is much faster nowadays
7.The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that are______.
A.quick to update B.pleasant to look at
C.easy to remember D.convenient to access
8.Internet advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach audiences that tend to be_____________.
9.Direct mail is an effective form of advertising for businesses to develop_________________________.
10.This passage discusses how advertisers select_____________________________ for advertisements.
1.【答案】A
【解析】依据标题Television下第一段第一句“Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers.”通过这句话可知，对广告来讲，电视是一种具有吸引力的媒体，因为它可以给广告商带来众多观众。据此判断，应选择A。
2.【答案】D
【解析】依据标题Television下第二段第六、第七句“Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed.”通过这段话可知，可观看的电视频道数量增多，广告商就更多了。这也导致了观众们可以观看到更多的广告。据此判断，应选择D。
3.【答案】B
【解析】依据标题Newspapers下第二段第一句“Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television.”通过这句话可知，在报纸上的广告费要低于在电视上的广告费，与电视比较而言，报纸可以使广告商与观众进行更持久、更详尽地交流。据此判断，应选择B。
4.【答案】C
【解析】依据标题Radio第一段第四句“Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day.”通过这句话可知，电台可以全天候地帮助广告商与听众进行交流。又据本标题第二段最后一句“As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.”通过这句话可知，电台广告会吸引到更多居住在远方的听众。据以上内容判断，应选择C。
5.【答案】A
【解析】依据标题Magazines第一段末句“Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.”通过这句话可知，广告商认为，杂志是接近产品对象的一个有效途径。据此判断，应选择A。
6.【答案】B
【解析】依据标题Out-of-home Advertising第一段第一、第二句“Out-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers.”通过这段话可知，户外广告也称为场所广告，已成为一种能更加高效地接近消费者的广告方式。现在的消费者比以前更加活跃。据此判断，应选择B。
7.【答案】C
【解析】依据标题Internet第一段末句“The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember.”通过这段话可知，对网络广告商而言，他们的挑战是创造出可以令网民记住的广告。据此判断，应选择C。
8.【答案】quite homogeneous but small
【解析】依据标题Internet第二段第二句“Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small.”通过这段话可知，网民们往往具有更多的共同点，但是群体也将更小。据此判断，答案应是 quite homogeneous but small。
9.【答案】relationships with consumers
【解析】依据最后一段倒数第二句“Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers.”通过这段话可知，直销邮件可以有效地与消费者建立联系。据此判断，答案应是 relationships with consumers。
10.【答案】the appropriate media
【解析】依据首段首句“After determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement.”通过这段话可知，在确定产品或者服务所要面向的对象以后，广告商一定要选择合适的媒体进行广告宣传。据此判断，答案应是the appropriate media。
参考译文
广告媒体的选择
在确定产品或者服务所要面向的对象以后，广告商一定要选择合适的媒体进行广告宣传。我们在这里要讨论的是几种主要的广告媒体类型。我们主要关注七种广告类型：电视、报纸、电台、杂志、户外广告、因特网以及直销邮件。
电 视
对于发布广告来说，电视是一种具有吸引力的媒体，因为它可以给广告商带来众多观众。试想一下，每四个美国人中就有三个看过《谁想成为百万富翁？》这个节目，这时你就能了解电视与庞大的观众群体交流的威力了。例如，广告商创立了一个品牌，他们想让广大消费者对他们的品牌与形象留下印象时，电视便是满足此种交流的理想载体。但是电视广告价格不菲，并不是所有的广告商都能支付得起。
电视对广告有四重影响。第一，窄播意味着越来越多的窄带用户可以观看专门的电视频道。例如，打高尔夫球的人观看高尔夫球频道。那些对改善家居感兴趣的人可以观看家庭与园艺频道。因此，与过去相比，观众群体更小而共同点更多了。第二，可观看的电视频道数量增多，广告商也就更多了。这也导致了观众可以观看到更多的广告。第三，观众可以通过数字记录装置来控制自己想看的广告。第四，节目的编排已经不是由网络决定，而是取决于当地有线电视运营商与卫星电视节目制作人。
报 纸
报纸每年产生的广告收益仅次于电视。面向全国发行的《纽约时报》，其每年的广告收益达10美元。其国内发行量已增长了40％，而且现在有168个城市可以送报上门。就局部而言，报纸是最大的广告媒体。
在报纸上的广告费要低于在电视上的广告费，与电视比较而言，报纸可以使广告商与观众进行更持久、更详尽地交流。倘若有新的生产技术，48小时之内广告就可以跃然纸上，这意味着报纸可以快速地将广告信息传播出去。对当地的居民而言，报纸是最重要的新闻载体，并且拥有高度忠实的当地读者。
电 台
电台的广告量也在增长。电台广告经常与户外广告牌和网络结合在一起，从而触及比电视媒体更多的消费者。广告商乐意使用电台做广告，因为它比电视广告的费用要低一些，这意味着广告商有财力反复播放他们的广告。网络公司也转向通过电台做广告。电台可以全天候地帮助广告商与听众进行交流。消费者在去上学或上班的路上、在工作之余、在回家的路上及晚上都可以听到电台广播。
两个重大变化——卫星与网络电台——将迫使广告商改变他们的方式。这两种电台形式可以使听众收听到过去未曾收听过的远方的电台。这样一来，电台广告会吸引到更多居住在远方的听众。
杂 志
新闻周刊、女性专刊以及商业杂志的广告量都在增加，因为这些刊物的读者拥有较高的品味。杂志之所以受到广告商的青睐，是因为它们投放的市场是较为定向的。广播媒体，例如网络电视，吸引了各种各样的观众，但是杂志的读者却具有更多的共同点。例如，如果你平常读《体育画报》，那你就与这本杂志的其他读者有着很多的共同点。广告商认为，杂志是接近产品对象的一个有效途径。
使用印刷媒体——杂志与报纸的广告商需要适应两个主要的改变。第一，网络会给当地报纸带来更多的读者。这些读者比过去的读者更多元化，并且在地理位置上更加分散。第二，广告商必须知道如何利用种类越来越多的杂志吸引他们的目标群体。尽管一些杂志会继续面向全国的读者，但是许多杂志将会针对一些特定的读者群。
户外广告
户外广告也称为场所广告，已成为一种能更加高效地接近消费者的广告方式。现在的消费者比以前更加活跃。很多人不仅仅是坐在家里看电视。使用广告牌、报摊及车体广告可以更好地吸引忙碌的消费者。越来越多的消费者的工作地点离家较远，这使得户外广告更有效。科技发展使广告牌生意发生本质性的变化，其效力也大幅增加。通过数字印刷术，广告牌公司2个小时之内就可以制作出一个广告牌，而过去却需要六天的时间。这样一来，广告商可以更快地更改内容，从而传达更丰富的信息。
互联网
由于消费者越来越热衷于网上购物，广告商也在寻求进入这个市场。由于消费者从网络上获得更多的新闻与信息，电视与电台向消费者传播信息的能力将会降低。对网络广告商而言，他们的挑战是创造出可以令网民记住的广告。
在不久的将来，网络广告将会在团体广告中起到更加突出的作用。网民们往往具有更多的共同点，但是群体也将更小。广告商将必须调整他们接近网民的方法，同时改进推销策略以适应网络媒体。
直销邮件
最后一种广告媒体是直销邮件，是指通过寄送邮件给消费者来传达客户信息。直销邮件包括新闻简报、明信片和特项促销。直销邮件可以有效地与消费者建立联系。对于许多业务而言，直销邮件是最有效的广告方式。
Text 3
The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Both are aural modes which employ rhythm, rime, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration techniques. In English the two are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpist's accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode, is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song. A major source of the lyric tradition in English poetry is the songs of the troubadours.
The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry. Whether the title of the work be Gerontion, or Hound Dog, our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same.
The most important prerequisite for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealth, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poem's vision — on pain of writing only the derivative or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morality with a servile compliance to popular taste.
1.According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music_______.
A.is a debatable topic B.can be made but in a limited way
C.is indisputable if you analyse history D.needs to be acknowledged more by poets
2.The author cites Beowulf in order to show that_______.
A.the distance between song and poetry is not so great
B.a song like Beowulf can sound like a poem
C.English poetry is highly connected to songs
D.songs generally evolve into poetry over time
3.Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage?
A.The lyrics of a song are no different from the lyrics of poetry.
B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.
C.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.
D.It is the time not the aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.
4.A poem or a song can be significant when_______.
A.it is done by a faithful writer
B.the writer has a personal vision of the poem or song
C.it is written within the vision of the poem, song, poet or songwriter
D.the writer is willing to go outside of the vision
5.In the passage, the author focuses on_______.
A.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetry
B.the various ways songs and poems are similar
C.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre ones
D.how to evaluate a poem and a song's value from a lyrical standpoint
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The most important prerequisite for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing.
［结构分析］本句中， The most important prerequisite作主语，介词for引导的介宾短语作定语，修饰主语。that引导的是表语从句。he is writing作定语从句，修饰poem。
［参考译文］意义深长的诗歌和流行歌曲的歌词二者最为重要的前提是，作者忠实于自己的个人眼界或者所写诗歌的眼界。
全文参考译文
毋庸置言，诗歌与音乐密切相关。二者皆运用节律、谐韵和抑扬顿挫为重要手段，娱人听觉；前者加之以语言意义、内涵和各种传统人物，后者至少在理论上加之以和声、对位以及配器技法。在英语中，二者自古就密不可分。似乎确定无疑的是，盎格鲁撒克逊的英雄史诗，当初在竖琴的伴奏下朗读或吟唱；《贝奥武夫》中描写芬恩插曲的动词singan意思为sing，名词gyd意思为song。英语诗歌适用歌唱的传统一个重要来源是吟游诗人的歌曲。
《贝奥武夫》中的gyd和Leonard Cohen或者Bob Dylan的歌曲之间或许差异巨大，但只是时代的差别，而不是美学的差别。作为文学作品的抒情诗和流行歌曲的歌词实质上仍然是一回事：诗歌。不管作品题目是《小老头》还是《猎犬》，我们评价作品的尺度必须始终如一。
意义深长的诗歌和流行歌曲的歌词二者最为重要的前提是，作者忠实于自己的个人眼界或者所写诗歌的眼界。写诗的技巧和手法的确必不可少，因为这是诗人在诗中保存眼界完整的唯一手段。诗人绝不能因为缺乏技巧或是因为崇拜名声、财富或者赞誉而游离自己的或自己诗歌的眼界——写出的只是缺乏独创、无足轻重的东西。历史上，通俗歌曲歌词的作者和演唱者似乎时常丧失个人眼界，哗众媚俗，混淆独创性和道德观。
题目答案与解析
1.根据作者，诗和音乐之间的关系________。
A.是一个有争议的话题 B.可以在一个有限的范围内建立
C.通过分析历史可知是无可争议的 D.需要诗人们更多地认可
【答案】C
【解析】作者在第一段指出，诗歌与音乐自古就密不可分。据此可知，C项为正确答案。
2.作者引用《贝奥武夫》中的话是为了说明________。
A.歌曲和诗之间的差距并不是很大 B.《贝奥武夫》之类的歌听起来像诗
C.英国诗歌与歌曲联系紧密 D.随着时间的推移，歌曲发展成为诗
【答案】C
【解析】本文第一段中，从历史角度说明诗歌与音乐密切相关，其中，以《贝奥武夫》为例是为了说明本段主题，即英国诗歌与歌曲联系紧密。据此可知C项为正确答案。
3.根据本文，以下陈述中哪项是正确的？
A.歌词与诗歌没有区别。
B.诗歌与歌曲的歌词实质上是一回事。
C.诗和歌词之间的区别被过分夸大。
D.在多数诗和歌词之间的差别是时代而不是美学的差别。
【答案】B
【解析】从第二段可知，诗歌与歌曲的歌词实质上是一回事。因此B项为正确答案。
4.当________时，一首诗或一首歌有着重大意义。
A.由一名忠实的作者来创作
B.作者对诗或歌曲有着个人的眼界
C.诗人或歌曲作家忠实于自己的眼界来创作
D.作者愿意超出眼界创作
【答案】C
【解析】从文中第三段可知，意义深长的诗歌和流行歌曲的歌词二者最为重要的前提是，作者忠实于自己的个人眼界或者所写诗歌的眼界。因此C项为正确答案。
5.文章中作者主要论述了________。
A.对作曲和做诗共同的、最重要的评估标准
B.歌曲和诗相似的不同方面
C.优秀的诗和歌曲与普通的诗和歌曲之间的区别
D.如何从诗的角度来评估诗和歌曲的价值
【答案】A
【解析】综观全文，本文说明诗歌和音乐密切的关系，主要涉及二者共同的重要评价标准。因此A项为正确答案。
Text 4
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programs and films for an annual licence fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan"If it ain't broke, don't fix it." The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word 'broke', meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels — TV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
1.The world famous BBC now faces_______.
A.the problem of new coverage B.an uncertain prospect
C.inquiries by the general public D.shrinkage of audience
2.In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?
A.Extension of its TV service to Far East.
B.Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
C.Potentials for further international co-operations.
D.Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
3.The BBC's "royal charter" (Line 4, Para. 3) stands for_______.
A.the financial support from the royal family B.the privileges granted by the Queen
C.a contract with the Queen D.a unique relationship with the royal family
4.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than_______.
A.the emergence of commercial TV channels
B.the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
C.the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
D.the challenge of new satellite channels
5.The best title for this article is "________".
A.End of Royal Privilege of BBC B.BBC Having to Change
C.Dispute about Future of BBC D.Prospect of BBC
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是the debate was launched by the Government。which引导的是一个非限定性定语从句，定语从句中including ordinary listeners and viewers起到补充解释作用。what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping是动词say的两个并列的宾语从句。
［参考译文］争论是由政府发起的，它邀请了每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通听众和观众——讨论公司好坏所在，甚至说出他们认为该公司是否值得继续存在下去。
全文参考译文
伴随着BBC英国广播公司全球电视节目的开播，亚洲和美洲数以百万观众现在不仅可以收听广播，而且还可以观看它的电视新闻报道。
当然，英国听众和观众能收到两个BBC电视频道、五个BBC全国广播服务和几十个地方无线电台。每户每年交83英镑即可看到体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻和时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童频道和电影节目。
过去的70年间，BBC成绩辉煌，但它的未来现在还是个未知数。公司将作为公众资助的广播机构而存在，至少目前如此，但它所扮演的角色、它的规模和它的节目如今在英国成了广泛争论的话题。
争论是由政府发起的，它邀请了每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通听众和观众——讨论公司好坏所在，甚至说出他们认为该公司是否值得继续存在下去。这样做的原因是BBC持有的皇家特许证到1996年终止。政府必须决定，对该公司维持原状还是进行改革。
他们中很多的公司辩护人喜欢引用美国的一个广告口号：“如果还没坏，就不要修理它。”他们这样说意思是BBC公司还没有broken（垮掉）（与表示“破产”的broke含义不同），所以为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢？
但BBC将不得不改革，因为它周围的广播界正在发生变化。商业电视频道——独立电视公司和第四频道——按撒切尔政府的广播法案要求更加商业化，互相竞争广告业务，削减成本并裁员。但是，新增加的卫星频道，其资金部分来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费，它们的到来从长远看将会带来最大的变化。
题目答案与解析
1.世界著名的BBC如今面临着________。
A.新闻报道范围的问题 B.不确定的前途
C.普通大众的质询 D.观众人数的减少
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视服务节目的开播，亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以收听，还可以收看到该公司新闻报道，据此可知A项和D项不是BBC现在面临的问题。C项不正确，文中第四段提到了“调查、质询”，但那是政府为了解普通大众的意见所采取的行动，并不是BBC现在面临的问题。从文章第三段的内容可知，如今的BBC前途悬而未决。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.本篇文章中，下面有关BBC的说明中，哪项没有被作为关键问题提到？
A.把其电视覆盖范围拓展到远东。 B.节目成为全国争论的话题。
C.进一步加强国际合作的潜力。 D.作为广播机构的存在。
【答案】C
【解析】本题中，C项在文中没有提到。从文章第三段的第二句话可知，该公司将作为政府基金资助的广播机构而幸存，至少目前是这样，但是它的作用、规模以及它的节目成为现阶段整个英国争论的话题。据此可知，BBC的生存方式、作用、规模以及它的节目都是目前的关键问题。这说明A、B和D三项之意都是文中所说的关键问题。因此正确答案为C。
3.BBC的“royal charter”（第四段第四行）意指________。
A.来自皇室的财政资助 B.女王授予的特权
C.与女王签订的合约 D.与皇室的独特关系
【答案】C
【解析】本题中，A、B、D三项都与文意不符。从文章第四段的最后一句话可知，政府做这样的调查的原因是——BBC持有的皇家契约将于1996年到期，政府必须决定是维持该公司的原状呢，还是实行改革。据此可知，“royal charter”应该是指“BBC与皇家签订的合约”。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4._______正是BBC不得不重新自我调整的主要原因。
A.商业电视频道的出现 B.政府加大《广播法》的执法力度
C.降低成本、裁减员工的迫切需要 D.新卫星频道的挑战
【答案】D
【解析】本题中，A、B、C三项都不是主要原因。从文章最后一段的内容可知，然而BBC将不得不实行改革，因为其周边的广播业正在发生变革；撒切尔政府的广播法要求商业电视频道更加商业化，要它们互相竞争广告商，要它们降低成本，裁减员工；但是，从长远来看，正是新卫星频道的出现——部分资金来自于广告收入，部分来自于用户的收视费，才会带来最大的变革。据此可知，BBC不得不重新自我调整的主要原因是新卫星频道的出现。D项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.本文最合适的标题是________。
A.英国广播公司皇家特权的终结 B.英国广播公司不得不改变
C.对英国广播公司未来的争论 D.英国广播公司的前景
【答案】B
【解析】本文论述了一个大公司，英国广播公司在新时代面临的各种挑战。英国公众对其角色、规模和频道都开始质疑并讨论，政府也对之颇有微词。因此，这个大公司需要进行调整以应对新环境的变化。
Text 5
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the post office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggerations and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
1.To make your humor work, you should_______.
A.take advantage of different kinds of audience
B.make fun of the disorganized people
C.address different problems to different people
D.show sympathy for your listeners
2.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are_______.
A.impolite to new arrivals B.very conscious of their godlike role
C.entitled to some privileges D.very busy even during lunch hours
3.It can be inferred from the passage that public services_______.
A.have benefited many people B.are the focus of public attention
C.are an inappropriate subject for humor D.have often been the laughing stock
4.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered_______.
A.in well-worded language B.as awkwardly as possible
C.in exaggerated statements D.as casually as possible
5.The best title for the passage may be "________".
A.Use Humor Effectively B.Various Kinds of Humor
C.Add Humor to Speech D.Different Humor Strategies
长难例句分析
［长难例句］If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious taste in ties.
［结构分析］本句中，主句是由and连接的两个并列句。其中，第一个句子中的固定搭配in a position to do sth.的意思是“能够做某事”，如：I regret I am not in a position to help you. 我很抱歉无力帮助你。which引导的是定语从句修饰experiences and problems，第二个句子中it为形式主语，动词不定式to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious taste in ties为真正的主语。前面的if you are part of the group为条件状语从句，which you are addressing为非限定性定语从句，修饰the group。
［参考译文］如果你是听你说话的听众中的一员，你就应该知道对于你们来说都再熟悉不过的经历和难题，这时，评论一番难以下咽的食堂饭菜或者众所周知的主席领带的品位低下，这些都将会是非常合适的话题。
全文参考译文
如果你想在交谈中运用幽默逗人发笑，那你必须知道怎样才能识别出和听众共同的经历和难题。你的幽默必须要与听众相关，并应能够向他们表明你是他们中的一员或者能够表明你理解他们的处境并且认同他们的观点。根据听众不同，你所谈的问题也应有所不同。如果你和一群经理交谈，你可以谈论他们的秘书杂乱无章的工作方法；反过来，如果你和秘书们交谈，你也许会评论一下他们老板杂乱无章的作风。
举个例子来说，我曾在一次护士大会上听到一个很恰当的幽默故事，因为所有的听众对医生的看法相同。一位男士到了天堂，正由圣彼得带着四处观看。他看到华丽的房舍、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。每个人都十分和气、礼貌和友善。到排队吃中午饭时，新来的人突然被一个穿白大褂的人推到了一旁，他冲到队伍的前面，抓起自己的食物，骄横地走到桌边。“那是谁？”新来的人问圣彼得。“呃，那是上帝。”他回答，“但是有时候他以为自己是个医生。”
如果你是听你说话的听众中的一员，你就会站在他们的角度了解对所有人来说都很普通的经历和难题，你可以评价一番难以下咽的食堂饭菜或主席领带的品位低下。当和其他听众交谈时，你一定不要试图运用此类幽默，因为，他们会对一个局外人对他们的食堂或主席毁谤性的言论感到气愤。如果你一直都说像邮局或电信系统这种“替罪羊”话题的笑话，你就不会得罪任何人。
如果你觉得自己幽默起来感觉很生硬，那你必须不断练习以使其变得更加自然。你可以用一种轻松而不勉强的方式，夹带一些随意和显然临场发挥的评论。通常，幽默的表达过程使人发笑，所以，讲得慢一些，扬眉或摆出一幅不相信的脸孔容易让人知道你在开玩笑。
要善于发现幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。例如拿人们熟悉的谚语开玩笑，比如“假如一开始便不成功，那就放弃吧”，或者拿一出戏剧的对白或场景打趣。多思考一下夸大其词或者平铺直叙。看一下自己的语言，找出一些词汇或句子来，把它们反复琢磨，在其中注入幽默。
题目答案与解析
1.要想让你的幽默奏效，你应该________。
A.利用不同的听众 B.取笑那些缺乏条理的人
C.对不同的人谈不同的问题 D.向你的听众表示同情
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，为了使你的幽默使人发笑，你应该根据不同的谈话对象谈论不同的话题。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.依照护士的观点，关于医生的笑话暗示了医生________。
A.对新来者不礼貌 B.非常了解自己神圣的角色
C.被授予某些特权 D.甚至午餐期间都非常忙
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，我曾在一次护士大会上听到一个很恰当的幽默故事，因为所有的听众对医生的看法相同。一位男士到了天堂，正由圣彼得带着四处观看。他看到华丽的房舍、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。每个人都十分和气、礼貌和友善。到排队吃中午饭时，新来的人突然被一个穿白大褂的人推到了一旁，他冲到队伍的前面，抓起自己的食物，骄横地走到桌边。“那是谁？”新来的人问圣彼得。“呃，那是上帝。”他回答，“但是有时候他以为自己是个医生。”据此可知，护士认为医生自以为是上帝，可以耍威风，不讲道理。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.从本文可以推知，公共服务________。
A.为许多人带来了利益 B.是公众关注的焦点
C.不是幽默的合适话题 D.常常被人当做笑料
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第三段的内容可知，如果你是你的听众中的一员的话，你就会了解你们所有人的共同经历或问题，你就可以随意评论食堂的饭菜难吃，或是评论领导的领带没有品味，这些都无可厚非；不过，同其他人交谈时，你千万不要尝试插入这类幽默，因为他们反感一个局外人对他们的食堂或领导发表蔑视性的评论；如果你继续调侃邮局或电信系统这类“替罪羊”，你就会平安无事。据此可知，邮局或电信系统等公共服务经常被人调侃。D项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.要想达到想要的效果，应该_______讲幽默故事。
A.用恰当的言语 B.以尽可能笨拙的表情
C.用夸张的陈述 D.以尽可能随意的表情
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，如果你不擅长于使用幽默，你就必须练习，以使你的幽默显得更加自然；内容包括一些随意、显然是即兴的评论，你能够以悠闲、自然的方式发表这些评论；通常是发表评论的方式使听众发笑，所以，要慢慢地评论，要记住——扬扬眉或露出一副难以置信的表情有助于使你的评论显得轻松愉快。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.本篇文章的最佳标题也许是“________”。
A.有效地使用幽默 B.各种各样的幽默
C.在言语中添加幽默 D.不同的幽默策略
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑的话，你就必须知道如何确定你与其他人有相同的经历和问题；你的幽默一定要和听众有关，应该有助于表明你是他们中间的一员，或者你了解他们的处境，赞同他们的观点；针对不同的谈话对象，你要谈的问题就应该有所不同；文章第二段举例做了说明；从第三段的内容可知，如果你是你的听众中的一员的话，你就会了解你们所有人的共同经历或问题，你就可以随意评论食堂的饭菜难吃，或是评论领导的领带没有品味，这些都无可厚非；不过，同其他人交谈时，你千万不要尝试运用这类幽默；从文章第四段的内容可知，如果你不擅长于使用幽默，你就必须练习，以便你的幽默显得更加自然；从最后一段的内容可知，幽默常常来自于意料之外；不妨曲解人们熟知的引语，寻找夸张和掩饰用语；琢磨一下你的谈话，从中挑出你能够改动的几个字或几句话来，注入幽默。据此可知，本文主要谈的是如何利用幽默来使人发笑。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 6
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive in 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter's speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has Sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive — there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms — he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china." A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
1.According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English_______.
A.is inevitable in radical education reforms
B.is but all too natural in language development
C.has caused the controversy over the counter-culture
D.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
2.The word "talking" (Line 5, Para. 3) denotes_______.
A.modesty B.personality C.liveliness D.informality
3.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
4.The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's_______.
A.interest in their language B.appreciation of their efforts
C.admiration for their memory D.contempt for their old-fashionedness
5.According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as_______.
A."temporary" is to "permanent" B."radical" is to "conservative"
C."functional" is to "artistic" D."humble" is to "noble"
长难例句分析
［长难例句］As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive — there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句。主干是he acknowledges that...。that引导的是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句子中，all varieties of human language是主语；can be powerfully expressive是谓语。破折号后面的句子对主句表达的思想做进一步说明，that引导的定语从句修饰language or dialect。
［参考译文］作为一名语言学家，他认为所有类型的人类语言，包括像黑人英语那样的不标准语言，都可以极具表现力——世界上还不存在不能表达复杂思想的语言或方言。
全文参考译文
无论是在演说中还是在写作中，美国人都不再期待公众人物在应用英语时有技巧和天分。他们也不渴望自己应用英语时也是如此。John McWhorter是一位语言学家，也是一位兼具自由和保守观点的有争议的人物，在其最近出版的名为《自行其是：语言和音乐的退化及我们为什么应当、喜欢、在乎》的书中，他指出20世纪60年代反文化的胜利应该对正规英语的衰落负责任。
责备20世纪60年代的放任并不是什么新鲜事，但是，这还算不上对教育衰落的另一种批评。McWhorter先生的专业是语言的历史和演变，比如，他认为，whom一词的逐渐消失是很自然的事情，同古代英语中格的消失一样并不令人遗憾。
然而，狂热崇尚真实和个性化以及“自行其是”已经导致正式演说、写作、诗歌以及音乐的死亡。在20世纪60年代以前，连那些受教育程度不太高的人在动笔写东西时都在寻求高雅的语调，但自从那时起，连那些最受尊敬的写作都寻求应用口头英语。同样，在诗歌中，只有高度个性化的诗歌类型才可以称得上真正具有活力的诗歌。在口头和书面语中，随意言谈胜过正式演说，自由发挥胜过字斟句酌。
大量的高雅和粗俗文化的有趣事例表明了McWhorter先生所证实的趋势是一目了然的。但是，面对副标题中的问题“我们为什么应当、喜欢、在乎”的答案则不那么清楚。作为一名语言学家，他认为所有类型的人类语言，包括像黑人英语那样的不标准语言，都可以极具表现力——世界上还不存在不能表达复杂思想的语言或方言。正如许多人一样，他不是在争论说我们再也不能有条理地思考，因为我们无法恰当地交谈。
俄罗斯人很喜爱自己的语言，他们的脑海中记录着大量的诗歌，而意大利的政客们往往向大多数讲英语者详细阐述他们似乎老掉牙的演说。McWhorter先生认为，正式语言不是确实需要的，他没有建议进行激进的教育改革——他确实在为失去某些美好而非有用的东西感到悲伤。我们现在把英语放在“纸盘上而不是瓷器上”。也许这是一种遗憾，但可能是一种无法避免的遗憾。
题目答案与解析
1.按照McWhorter的观点，正式英语的衰落________。
A.在激进的教育改革过程中是不可避免的 B.只不过是语言发展过程中的自然现象
C.已经引发人们有关反文化的争论 D.导致20世纪60年代公众态度的变化
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，John McWhorter是一位语言学家，也是一位掺杂自由和保守观点的有争议人物，在其最近出版的书中，他认为，20世纪60年代反文化的胜利应该对正规英语的衰落负责任；McWhorter先生的专业是语言史和语言的演变，比如，他认为，whom一词的逐渐消失是很自然的事情，同古代英语中格的消失一样并不令人遗憾。据此可知，McWhorter认为正规英语的衰落是非常自然的现象。B项的“只不过是语言发展过程中的自然现象”与McWhorter的观点相符，因此为正确答案。
2.单词“talking”（第三段第五行）意为________。
A.谦逊 B.个性 C.活泼 D.非正式
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，20世纪60年代以前，连那些受过适当教育的人在动笔写东西时都在寻求高雅的语调，但那以后，连那些最受尊敬的写作都寻求应用口头英语；同样，在诗歌中，只有高度个性化的诗歌类型才可以称得上真正具有活力的诗歌；在口头和书面英语中，随意言谈胜过正式演说，自由发挥胜过字斟句酌。据此可知，该单词的意思是“随意言谈”。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.下面各项中，McWhorter最有可能赞同的说法是哪项？
A.逻辑思维不一定与我们的谈话方式有关。
B.黑人英语可能比标准英语更具表现力。
C.非标准类型的人类语言只是有趣。
D.在所有类型中，标准英语能够最恰当地表达复杂思想。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的文章第四段。从中可知，通过大量来自于高雅和粗俗文化的有趣例子，McWhorter先生证实的趋势是清楚明白的；但是，面对副标题中的问题“我们为什么应当喜欢、在乎”，则不那么清楚；作为一名语言学家，他承认，所有类型的人类语言，包括像黑人英语那样的不标准语言，都可以极具表现力——世界上还不存在不能表达复杂思想的语言或方言；正如许多人一样，他不是在争论说我们再也不能有条理地思考，因为我们无法恰当地交谈。据此可知，McWhorter可能认为，人们的思维方式与人们的交谈方式没有多大关系。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.对于俄罗斯人喜爱记住的诗歌的描述表现出作者________。
A.对他们的语言有兴趣 B.赞赏他们作出的努力
C.赞赏他们的记忆力 D.蔑视他们过时的风格
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，俄罗斯人深爱他们自己的语言，他们的脑海中记录着大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们往往向大多数讲英语者详细阐述他们似乎老掉牙的演说。据此可知，作者钦佩俄罗斯人的努力。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.按照本文的最后一段，把“纸盘子”与“瓷器”相比就像________。
A.把“暂时的”与“永久的”相比 B.把“激进的”与“保守的”相比
C.把“实用的”与“艺术的”相比 D.把“粗俗的”与“高雅的”相比
【答案】C
【解析】从文章的最后一段可知，McWhorter先生承认，正规语言不是确实需要的，他没有建议进行激进的教育改革——他确实在为失去某些更好而非有用的东西感到悲伤；我们现在把英语放在“纸盘上而不是瓷器上”；也许这是一种遗憾，但可能是一种无法避免的遗憾。据此可知，把“纸盘子”与“瓷器”相比是在比较用途和美观。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 7
The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and can't be told from one another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something they are proud of.
The original Americans, of course were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other countries like Germany and France.
One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First it was the Irish and Italians. Later it was the blacks. Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians.
One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and the Chinese a China town in New York. The Dutch settlement in Pennsylvania also stays separate from other people. Their towns are like something from the 19th century. They have a different reason from the other groups for staying separately. They live separately for religious reasons rather than keep together in a racial group.
Although some groups have kept themselves separate and others have been discriminated against, all groups have helped make the United States a great county. There is no group that has not helped in some way. And there is no group that can say they have done the most to make it a great country.
Many people still come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project that let a man walk on the moon. It was a scientist from Germany who was most responsible for doing that. It is certain that in the future the United States will still need the help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.
1.Which of the following statements can best describe the main idea of this passage?
A.The United States is a country made up of many different races.
B.Discrimination is the most serious problem in the United States.
C.All races in the United States have helped make the country a great one.
D.The prosperity of the United States is mainly due to the hard work of the most discriminated races.
2.In the first paragraph the word "told" means_______.
A.separated B.distinguished C.revealed D.made known
3.This passage implies that discrimination is a problem which_______.
A.many races in the United States have experienced
B.will still be very serious in the United States in the future
C.has already been solved in the United States
D.is strongly opposed by many different races in the United States
4.The main reason why the Indians are most discriminated against is that_______.
A.they have tried hard to keep their religions
B.they have tried hard to live together to keep their Indian customs
C.they are the only ones who have tried to keep their identity
D.they discriminate many other races
5.The Dutch live separately in Pennsylvania_______.
A.to escape discrimination B.to keep together in a racial group
C.to enjoy themselves in their own towns D.for religious reasons
长难例句分析
［长难例句］One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity.
［结构分析］本句的主干是one reason is..., the Indians are discriminated against，前面省略了关系代词that，作为主语one reason的后置定语从句。is后面接的是表语从句，这个表语从句的结构是 they...tried to keep...。
［参考译文］印第安人尽了很大努力保持自己的特性，是他们受到歧视的一个原因。
［长难例句］It is certain that in the future the United States will still need the help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.
［结构分析］本句的主干是It is certain that...the United States will still need...to...。真正的主语是由that引导的主语从句，it只是形式主语。to remain a great country主语从句中作目的状语。
［参考译文］当然，美国在未来将仍然需要来自不同种族的人帮助美国继续保持繁荣富强。
全文参考译文
美国是一个由众多不同种族构成的国家。他们通常融合在一起不易区分。不过他们中的很多人始终在谈论他们的祖先来自何方。这是他们引以为豪的事情。
印第安人自然是最初的美国人，以后来到美国的所谓的白人大多数来自英国。但也有很多来自其他的国家，比如德国和法国。
美国一直以来存在歧视的问题。当新的族群来到美国，他们发现自己受到歧视。首先是爱尔兰人和意大利人。以后是黑人。差不多每个族群都能够最终摆脱歧视。唯一未能做到的是黑人移民。使人惊讶的是印第安人受到了最严重的歧视。
印第安人尽了很大努力保持自己的特性，是他们受到歧视的一个原因。当然他们不是唯一这样做的族群。日本人在洛杉矶有他们的小东京，中国人在纽约有唐人街。在宾夕法尼亚州的荷兰人聚居地也是和其他人分开的。他们的小镇有着一些19世纪的特色。他们单独居住的原因不同于其他的种族。他们分别居住是因为宗教而不是为了族群的聚居。
尽管一些族群分开居住，还有一些族群受到歧视。但所有的族群都帮助美国成为一个伟大的国家。每个族群都以某种方式提供帮助。任何一个族群都不能说，为了美国的富强他们的功劳最大。
始终有许多不同国家的人来帮助美国成长。一个很好的例子就是美国的登月球计划。主要负责这个计划的是一位来自德国的科学家。当然，美国未来仍然需要来自不同族群的人帮助继续保持繁荣富强。
题目答案与解析
1.以下哪项是对本文中心思想的最好描述？
A.美国是由许多不同种族构成的。
B.歧视是美国最严重的问题。
C.所有的种族都为美国成为一个伟大国家作出了贡献。
D.美国的繁荣主要来于大多数受歧视族群的努力工作。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第五段。从中可知，美国所有的族群都为建设美国作出了贡献，体现了文章的中心思想，因此C项为正确答案。
2.第一段中单词“told”的意思是________。
A.分离 B.区别 C.揭示 D.让……知道
【答案】B
【解析】文中原句是“Usually they are mixed together and can't be told from one another.” told是tell的过去分词，常与can, could, be able to连用，意为“辨别，分辨，认出”。因此B项为正确答案。
3.本篇文章暗示，歧视是一个_______的问题。
A.美国许多种族都经历过 B.在美国将来仍然会十分严重
C.在美国已经解决了 D.在美国被许多不同种族强烈反对
【答案】A
【解析】本题的依据是文中第三段的“As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First...Later...Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination.”因此A项是正确答案。
4.印第安人最受歧视的主要原因是，________。
A.他们努力试图保持自己的宗教信仰
B.他们努力试图住在一起并保持他们印第安的风俗习惯
C.他们是唯一试图保持自己特点的人
D.他们歧视许多其他种族
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是第四段的第一、第二句话“One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity”，从中可知B项为正确答案。
5.住在宾州的荷兰人自成一体是________。
A.为了逃避歧视 B.为了在种族团体中住在一起
C.因为喜欢住在他们自己的城镇里 D.出于宗教原因
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是第四段的最后一句话“They live separately for religious reasons rather than keep together in a racial group”，从中可知，荷兰人自成一体是出于宗教的原因，因此D项为正确答案。
Text 8
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air".
1.We can learn from the first paragraph that_______.
A.federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
B.the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
C.NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
D.the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
2.The panel agreed on all of the following EXCEPT that_______.
A.the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
B.the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
C.it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
D.it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
3.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because_______.
A.embryo research is just a current development of cloning
B.the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
C.an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research
D.the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_______.
A.some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
B.a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
C.privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal
D.the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
5.The best title for this article is "________".
A.Legislation for Opposing Human Cloning B.Draft of Anti-human Cloning
C.Complete Ban on Human Cloning D.No Funding Used for Human Cloning
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
［结构分析］本句中，主语是he，两个并列的谓语是ordered和asked。让步状语从句although no one had proposed to do so作为补充成分，对前面的句子进一步加以限定，说明克林顿对此事极为重视。chaired by...作定语修饰independent panel of experts。前面的Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans是现在分词短语作状语，表示原因。
［参考译文］他宣称反对利用这种特殊的畜牧业技术克隆人类，同时下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种实验——虽然还没有人提出要这样做。他要求成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈Harold Shapiro领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就关于克隆人的国家政策问题写出报告，向白宫汇报。
全文参考译文
当苏格兰的一个研究小组透露3个月前他们已克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统立即作出反应。他宣称他反对利用这种特殊的畜牧业技术去克隆人类，同时下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种实验——虽然还没有人提出要这样做。他要求成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就关于克隆人的国家政策问题写出报告，向白宫汇报。这个专家组名为全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会（NBAC），此后它一直在积极而热情地为之工作，集众所长，写出报告。在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就将近定稿的报告书达成了共识。
NBAC将要求克林顿总统在有关联邦基金不能用于克隆人的90天禁令无限期延长，并就此立法。可NBAC委员们计划在提案的言辞上更为严谨，以防止给克隆人体DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）或细胞等方面研究带来更多的限制——因为在分子生物学中这种研究属于常规研究项目。但是。这个专家组在一个关键问题上还未达成共识，即是否建议立法，规定利用私人基金克隆人应视为犯罪。
在5月17日开会讨论的报告序言草稿中，Shapiro表示专家们已达成广泛的共识，认为“试图用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿是违背伦理道德的”。他在会议期间解释说，伦理道德上禁止的主要原因是担心对婴儿的健康产生危害。随后，专家们非正式地达成几种一般的结论，尽管有些细节还未解决。
NBAC计划号召持续禁止出于任何目的使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核来克隆婴孩。原因是现行联邦政府法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎（即人类后代出生前的萌芽阶段）或潜意识地危害胚胎的生命，但NBAC的报告将并不反对胚胎的研究。
NBAC成员宣称：他们要呼吁由私人出资的研究人员和机构不要尝试通过利用人体细胞核克隆人。可他们在是否进一步要求联邦政府用法律强制执行完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。Shapiro和大多数委员赞成此观念，可在电话采访中他透露，这仍是个“悬而未决”的问题。
题目答案与解析
1.我们从第一段可以了解到，________。
A.联邦基金已经被用于一个克隆人的项目 B.白宫对有关克隆的消息反应强烈
C.NBAC被授权控制滥用克隆技术 D.白宫已经得到专家小组有关克隆问题的建议
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，一个苏格兰研究小组披露他们克隆了一只成年羊后，克林顿总统迅速采取行动；他宣称他反对利用这种畜牧业技术克隆人类，并下令禁止联邦基金用于此类实验，要求一个独立专家小组在90天内向白宫提交报告，为国家有关克隆人类的政策提出建议；该小组将其明智的看法写成公文，在5月17日举行的会议上，小组成员一致同意这份差不多是定稿的建议报告。据此可知，美国总统对有关克隆的消息反应强烈，并迅速采取行动。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.除_______之外，专家小组对下面所有说法都同意。
A.联邦基金不得用于克隆人类的禁令应该被制定成为法律
B.克隆人类的DNA将不会受到更多控制
C.使用私人基金克隆人类的行为是犯罪行为
D.克隆人类将违背道德价值观
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第二段的内容可知，专家小组对是否建议将私人基金用于克隆人类的行为法定为犯罪行为，尚未达成一致意见；从第三段的内容可知，Shapiro暗示，“从道义上讲，试图克隆成人的细胞核以克隆出婴儿的做法令人难以接受”，专家小组在这一点上已达成共识。据此可知，只有C项与文章第二段最后一句话的意思不符，因此C项为正确答案。
3.NBAC将不讨论胚胎的研究问题，因为________。
A.胚胎研究只是克隆的流行发展
B.婴儿的健康不是胚胎研究主要关心的问题
C.在胚胎研究中，胚胎的生命不会有危险
D.这个问题已经得到法律的清晰陈述，并被载入法律之中
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，因为目前的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于克隆胚胎以进行研究或故意危害胚胎的生命，所以NBAS将对胚胎研究不发表意见。据此可知，NBAC之所以不讨论胚胎研究问题，是因为联邦法律已经禁止将联邦基金用于胚胎研究。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.可以从最后一段推知，________。
A.一些NBAC成员对完全禁止克隆人类犹豫不决
B.一项禁止克隆人类的法律将马上被通过
C.受私人基金资助的研究人员将积极响应NBAC的呼吁
D.克隆人类的问题将很快得到解决
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，对于是否进一步要求制定一项完全禁止克隆人类的联邦法律，NBAC的成员意见不一致；Shapiro和大多数成员赞成要求制定这样的法律，但在一次电话采访中，他说，这个问题仍然“悬而未决”。据此可知：并不是所有的NBAC成员都赞成完全禁止克隆人类。A项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.本文的最恰当的标题是“______”。
A.为反对克隆人类而立法 B.反对克隆人类的草案
C.完全禁止克隆人类 D.不为克隆人类而投资
【答案】B
【解析】本文讲述的是克林顿政府对克隆技术作出的反应。核心是防止克隆技术用在人类身上，但是到底是否要为此立法，没有统一意见。因此，所做的草案是主要结果，它包含了是否为克隆人类立法的问题，所以B选项比A选项更贴切。
Text 9
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
1.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_______.
A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain
B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
D.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
D.A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
3.According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is_______.
A.prolonged medical procedures B.inadequate treatment of pain
C.systematic drug abuse D.insufficient hospital care
4.Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (Line 3, Para. 7)?
A.Bold. B.Harmful. C.Careless. D.Desperate.
5.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they_______.
A.manage their patients incompetently B.give patients more medicine than needed
C.reduce drug dosages for their patients D.prolong the needless suffering of the patients
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is fore seen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
［结构分析］本句中，主句主干是the Court supported the medical principle of "double effect"。in effect作状语，a centuries-old moral principle作the medical principle的同位语。holding加上后面that引导的宾语从句作a centuries-old moral principle的定语，在这个定语从句中，主干是an action is permissible，现在分词结构having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen作定语修饰an action，其中两个that引导的均是定语从句，if the actor intends only the good effect为条件状语从句。前面的Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide为状语从句，从句中that引导的是宾语从句。
［参考译文］尽管最高法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，但最高法院事实上支持“双重效应”这一医疗准则。这个履行了数百年的医疗道德准则认为：假如一种行为具有两种效应——有以治病为目的的良好效应又有可预测的不利效应——但为了实现这一良好效应，医生被允许实施治疗而不用考虑其不利效应。
全文参考译文
最高法院对安乐死所做的裁定给正在探求减轻病危病人痛苦的医学界以重大支持。
尽管最高法院认为当前宪法还未承认使用安乐死这一权利。但最高法院事实上支持“双重效应”这一医疗准则。这个履行了数百年的医疗道德准则认为，假如一种行为具有两种效应——有以治病为目的的良好效应又有可预测的不利效应——但为了实现这一良好效应，医生被允许实施治疗而不用考虑其不利效应。
最近几年来，医生们一直在执行这一准则，大量使用吗啡来减轻濒危病人的病痛，尽管加大使用量会导致病人死亡。
蒙蒂菲利奥医疗中心主任Nancy Dubler认为，这一准则会为一些医生辩护。这些医生直到现在还在坚决主张假如增加使用量可能使病人死亡加速。因而他们不能为了减小病人疼痛而大量用药。
但波士顿大学健康法学系主任George Annas认为，医生开药只要是为了减少病人治病的，即使加速病人死亡，医生所做之事也不违法。他说道：这就像外科手术，尽管医生可能导致病人死亡，但医生的目的并不想把病人治死，因而我们不可以称这种死亡为谋杀。假如你是位内科医生，假如你的出发点不是让别人自杀，你就可以冒险给病人看病。
另外，医疗界很多人都承认安乐死的争论大部分是因为病人对治疗的绝望引发的。原因是现代医学使病人的疼痛延长。
在最主要法院对安乐死作出判定的前三个礼拜，国家科学院发表了一部两册本的报告《临近死亡：改善临终看护》，该报告把对减缓病人疼痛做得不够和坚持实施无用和强制性医疗方式从而导致病人垂死时间延长，导致病人临死时深受煎熬，确定为临终看护上存在的两大问题。
现医学专业界正采取措施要求年轻医生在晚期病人收容院接受培训，以便检查他们对剧痛治疗知识的认识，制定新标准评定和料理病人的临终苦痛。
Annas说，在坚决要求这些善意的医疗动机应转化为更好的看护行动这方面，律师们可能起着关键作用。他说：“很多医生好像对可预测到的，病人不用遭遇的痛苦视而不见，导致病痛给病人造成了连续的伤害。”他还说行医许可证颁发机构“必须明白……让人痛苦的死亡可以测定是治疗不当导致的结果，应当取消其行医资格”。
题目答案与解析
1.我们从前三段了解到，________。
A.医生过去常常增加药量来控制病人的痛苦
B.医生帮助垂死病人结束生命仍然是违法的
C.最高法院强烈反对医生协助的自杀
D.宪法没有赋予病人自杀的权利
【答案】B
【解析】从文章前三段的内容可知，最高法院就医生协助的自杀所做的裁决，对医学界如何寻求解除垂死病人的痛苦与折磨具有重要意义；尽管最高法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，但是，最高法院实际上支持“双重效应”的医疗准则——如果行为人只想要良好的效果，那么一种具有双重效果的行为就是可以容许的；近几年来，医生已经利用这一原则来为自己使用大剂量的吗啡控制晚期病人的痛苦而辩护，尽管加大剂量最终会导致病人死亡。据此可知，最高法院认为医生没有协助病人自杀的权利。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.依照本篇文章的观点，以下哪项是说法正确的？
A.如果医生冒着导致病人死亡的危险，他们将被认为有罪。
B.现代医学已经帮助那些晚期病人在无痛苦中康复。
C.法院裁定，医生可以开大剂量减轻病痛的药物。
D.医生的用药是否恰当不再取决于他的目的。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二、第三段。从中可知，尽管最高法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生有协助病人自杀的权利，但是，最高法院实际上支持“双重效应”的医疗准则——如果行为人只想要良好的效果，那么一种具有双重效果的行为就是可以容许的；近几年来，医生已经利用这一原则来为自己使用大剂量的吗啡控制晚期病人的痛苦而辩护，尽管加大剂量最终会导致病人死亡。由此可知：最高法院认为，医生可以使用大剂量药物来减轻晚期病人的痛苦。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.依照国家科学院的报告，在临终护理中存在的问题之一是________。
A.延长的治疗过程 B.缺乏对痛苦的医治
C.有计划地滥用药物 D.医院的护理不适当
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第七段。从中可知，就在最高法院对医生协助病人自杀作出裁决的三个星期之前，国家科学院发表了一份两册的报告；该报告认为，对病人的痛苦处理不足以及大胆使用“可能延长甚至不尊重死亡时期的无效、强制性医疗手段”是临终护理中并存的两个问题。据此可知，报告认为，对病人的痛苦处理不足是临终护理存在的问题之一。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.以下单词中，哪个最好地解释了单词“aggressive”（第七段第三行）的意思？
A.大胆的。 B.有害的。 C.粗心的。 D.不顾一切的。
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第七段的内容可知，就在最高法院对医生协助病人自杀作出裁决的三个星期之前，国家科学院发表了一份报告；该报告认为，对病人的痛苦处理不足以及大胆使用“可能延长甚至不尊重死亡时期的无效、强制性医疗手段”是临终护理中并存的两个问题；从第八段的内容可知，医学界正在采取措施，要求年轻医生到临终关怀所实习，要求他们测试有关大胆的疼痛处理疗法方面的知识。据此可知，aggressive一词应意为“有闯劲的、大胆的”。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.George Aanas可能赞成，医生应该受到惩罚，如果他们________。
A.治疗病人不得力 B.给病人的药超过所需的量
C.减少病人的用药量 D.延长病人不必要的痛苦
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，Annas认为，在坚决要求这些善意的医疗动机应该转化成更好的护理行动这个方面，律师能够起关键作用；他说，许多医生似乎对病人遭受的不必要的、可以预见的痛苦漠不关心，甚至到了有计划地虐待病人的程度；他还说，医师执照颁发委员会必须明确——痛苦的死亡如被推定为是由于治疗不得力而造成的，医生将被吊销执照。据此可知，他可能认为，如果医生造成病人痛苦的死亡，应当吊销他们的执照。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 10
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's online service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the U.S. and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
1.From the second paragraph we learn that_______.
A.the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
B.physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
C.changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
D.it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage
2.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means_______.
A.observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
B.similar bills are likely to be passed in the U.S., Canada and other countries
C.observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
D.the effect of taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
3.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will_______.
A.face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
B.experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
C.have an intense fear of terrible suffering
D.undergo a cooling off period of seven days
4.The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of_______.
A.opposition B.suspicion C.approval D.indifference
5.Reasons for why euthanasia was passed in Australia rather than America and Canada cover following EXCEPT_______.
A.old people share great part in whole Australian population
B.technology of extending life is advanced in Australia
C.people gradually recognize that suffering from disease was worse than immediate death
D.it is easy to deal with the moral and practical implications in Australia
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是word flashed and was picked up by John Hofsess。half a world away以及executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada是两个同位语，修饰John Hofsess。
［参考译文］这一消息几乎立即出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大“死亡权利学会”执行主席John Hofsess看到了。
全文参考译文
清晨3:45进行了最后的投票表决。经过6个月的争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部自治区（即澳北州）成了世界上第一个允许医生根据病人意愿结束绝症患者生命的合法当局。这一法案是以15:10的令人信服的投票结果通过的。这一消息几乎立即出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大“死亡权利学会”执行主席John Hofsess收到这条消息后，便通过该学会的网络服务站“Diath NET”发了公告。他说：“我们一整天都在发布公告，这当然不只是因为澳大利亚发生的事情，这是要载入世界史册的。”
这一立法的深刻意义可能要过一段时间才能为人们所理解。澳北州所通过的晚期病人权益法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地努力从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。有些人如释重负，其他人，包括教会人士、生之权利组织成员以及澳大利亚医学协会成员猛烈抨击了这一法案及其草率的通过。而这种潮流将不太可能逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、寿命延长技术以及公众态度的变化都在各自发挥着作用。其他州也准备考虑制定类似的法规来对待安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在聚集力量，观察家正等待着多米诺骨牌开始倒下。
根据澳北州所通过的这个新法案，成年病人可要求安乐死——可能通过注射致死针剂或服用致死药物——以结束痛苦。但须由两名医生诊断其已病入膏肓。病人经过7天“冷静思考”时间，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，其安乐死愿望才能得到实现。对于居住在达尔文的现年54岁的肺癌者Lloyd Nickson来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须惧怕因呼吸困难而死去。他说“从精神上说，我并不怕死，害怕的是怎样死。我曾看见医院里的病人死前用手抓挠氧气面罩，与氧气抗争。”
题目答案与解析
1.我们从第二段了解到________。
A.在其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见出现的较慢
B.医生和市民对安乐死所持的观点一致
C.变化的技术应该对这项法律的草率通过负主要责任
D.要认识这项法律通过的意义需要时间
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第二段的内容可知，要充分领会这一法案的全部意义可能需要一段时间；北部地区晚期病人权利法使得医生和市民都以同样的方式看待这一法案的道德意义和实际意义；一些人觉得如释重负，而另一些人都对这一法案以及它的草率通过进行了猛烈抨击；但是这一趋势不可能逆转；在澳大利亚这样一个人口老龄化、延长寿命的技术以及变化的公众态度都起了各自作用的国家，其他的州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题；在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在逐渐兴起，观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。据此可知，由于人们对安乐死的看法有异，要充分领会安乐死法案通过的全部意义需要时间。D项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.当作者说“观察家在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下”时，他意指________。
A.观察家对安乐死的未来持观望态度
B.类似的法律很可能在美国、加拿大和其他国家通过
C.观察家在等着看多米诺骨牌游戏的结果
D.已经通过的这项法律产生影响的过程可能最终会停止
【答案】B
【解析】本题中，domino意为“多米诺骨牌”，指引发连锁反应。从文章第二段的最后一句话可知，在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在逐渐兴起，观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。据此可知，作者认为，由于澳大利亚通过了安乐死法案，这对美国和加拿大产生了影响，使得这两个国家的死亡权利运动逐渐兴起，从而会产生连锁反应。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.当Lloyd Nickson死时，他将________。
A.以安乐死的平静心态面对死亡 B.体验肺癌患者所受的痛苦
C.非常惧怕可怕的痛苦 D.经历7天的冷静期
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第二段的后半部分可知，对于Lloyd Nickson来说——一位饱受肺癌煎熬、现年54岁的达尔文市居民，北部地区的晚期病人权利法案意味着他可以生活下去而无须时常畏惧他的病痛——由于呼吸障碍而可怕地死去；他说：“从精神上说，我并不害怕死亡，但我害怕的是怎样死，我曾在医院看到过病人因为缺氧而苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的供氧面罩时的情景。”据此可知，他在去世时，将不会像其他病人那样有恐惧感和折磨感。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.作者对安乐死持的态度似乎是________。
A.反对 B.怀疑 C.赞成 D.漠不关心
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，经过6个月的争论和16个小时议会的最后激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成为第一个允许医生结束那些无药可救、但求一死的病人的生命的合法地区；这一法案的通过不只是澳大利亚发生的事情，它是世界上的一件历史大事；从文章第二段的内容可知，要充分领会这一法案的全部意义可能需要一段时间；一些人觉得如释重负，而另一些人都对这一法案以及它的草率通过进行了猛烈抨击；但是这一趋势不可能逆转；在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在逐渐兴起，观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下；从文章最后一段的内容可知，根据澳大利亚北部地区的新法，一名成年病人可以要求安乐死来结束痛苦；对于饱受肺癌煎熬的Lloyd Nickson来说，北部地区的晚期病人权利法案意味着他可以生活下去而无须时常畏惧他的病痛：由于呼吸障碍而可怕地死去。据此可知，作者支持安乐死。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.安乐死在澳大利亚而不是美国和加拿大被通过，原因很多，除了________。
A.澳大利亚人口中，老年人比例较大
B.澳大利亚的长生养老科技水平比较先进
C.人们渐渐意识到，遭受疾病的痛苦比死亡还要糟糕
D.在澳大利亚更容易处理道德和实用方面的问题
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查对语句意思的理解。第二段的后半部分给出了详尽的解释：安乐死被通过，是多方面因素共同作用的结果。
Text 11
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
1."Substance abuse" (Line 5, Para. 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that_______.
A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
B."drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers
C.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
D.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
2.The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Para. 2) might mean_______.
A.widespread B.overwhelming C.piercing D.fashionable
3.Physical dependence on certain substances results from_______.
A.uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
B.exclusive use of them for social purposes
C.quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
D.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
4.From the last paragraph we can infer that_______.
A.stimulants function positively on the mind
B.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
C.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
D.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
5.Which following substances are excluded by "drugs" according to this article?
A.Some kind of wine. B.Coffee. C.Cigarette. D.Penicillin.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是any substance other than food is a drug。副词Technically是插入语，例如generally speaking。other than的意思是“而不是”。由that引导的定语从句修饰food。
［参考译文］从技术上说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质均是药物。
全文参考译文
从技术上说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质均是药物。很多人误解“药物”这个词仅指某些药品或嗜毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到像酒精、烟草这些熟悉的物质也是药物。这也就是为何很多医生和心理学家现在使用了一个更为折中的词——物质，他们经常用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用”来明确表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质的害处同滥用海洛因和可卡因是一样的。
在我们居住的社会里，物质（药物）被广泛地应用于社交场合和治疗方案中：服用阿司匹林来减轻头痛，喝点儿酒来社交，早晨喝咖啡来提神，吸支烟缓解紧张的神经等。这些物质的使用得到了社会认可，而且明显具有积极的一面，可何时变成滥用了呢？首先，大多数物质使用过量都会产生副作用，例如中毒或反复使用一种物质可引起上瘾或对该物质（药物）产生依赖。依赖的起初症状为耐受性增强，用量愈来愈大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。
通过影响中枢神经系统来改变感觉、情绪及行为的药物（物质）被称为精神活性物质。这类物质一般分为兴奋剂、镇静剂或致幻剂。兴奋剂主要有加速或刺激中枢神经系统活动的效用，而镇静剂刚好与之相反：使其活动减缓。致幻剂主要作用于人的感觉，以多样的方式对感觉加以扭曲和变形，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“迷幻药（psychedelic）”该词源自希腊语，意思是“精神显现”。因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。
题目答案与解析
1.“物质滥用”（第一段第五行）比“药物滥用”更可取的原因是，________。
A.如果非法使用，物质能够改变我们的身体和心理机能
B.“药物滥用”只指有限的服药者
C.酒精和烟草同海洛因和可卡因一样致命
D.除了海洛因和可卡因以外，许多物质也可能有毒
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，从技术的角度讲，除了食物外，任何改变我们身体和心理机能的物质都是药物；许多人错误地认为，药物这个词只指某类药品或瘾君子服用的非法化学药品，他们不知道像酒精和烟草这类常见物质也是药物；人们经常用习语“物质滥用”取代“药物滥用”，是为了阐明像酒精和烟草这样的物质也能像海洛因和可卡因一样因滥用而造成危害。D项与文中的意思相符；只有D项为正确答案。
2.单词“pervasive”（第二段第一行）可能意为________。
A.普遍的 B.压倒性的 C.敏锐的 D.时髦的
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章第二段的第一句话。从中可知，在我们生活的社会，物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用很广泛——服用阿司匹林以减缓头痛，喝点酒以增进友谊，早上喝咖啡以提神，吸烟以消除紧张情绪。据此可知，阿司匹林、酒、咖啡和烟等都是常用物品，因此pervasive的意思应该是“使用广泛的”。因此A项为正确答案。
3.对某些物质的生理依赖的原因是________。
A.长时期对这些物质无节制的使用
B.出于社交目的而专门使用这些物质
C.为了治病而定量使用这些物质
D.为了消除令人不愉快的症状而草率地使用这些物质
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章第二段的倒数两句话。从中可知，反复使用一种物质也会导致对该物质的生理上瘾或对药物依赖；依赖性起初表现为耐受性不断增强，需要越来越多的药物才能获得所需的效果，于是，当停止使用该药物时，会出现令人不愉快的断瘾症状。据此可知，对某些物质的生理依赖，是由于人们长时间、大量使用这些物质所造成的。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.我们从最后一段可以推知，________。
A.兴奋剂肯定对智力有影响 B.致幻剂本质上对健康有害
C.镇静剂是心理活性物质中最坏的一种物质 D.三种精神活性物质通常一起使用
【答案】B
【解析】从文章最后一段的内容可知，致幻剂主要对知觉产生影响，能够以多种方式（包括制造幻觉）扭曲和改变知觉；这些就是通常被称作迷幻剂的物质，因为它们似乎彻底改变了一个人的意识状态。据此可知，在三种心理活性物质中，兴奋剂和镇静剂影响人的中枢神经系统，而致幻剂却改变人的知觉、情绪和行为，显然对人的身体更有害。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.按照文中意思，下面的哪种物质不属于麻醉药？
A.某种白酒。 B.咖啡。 C.香烟。 D.盘尼西林。
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节问题。第二段的开头部分描述了一些我们没有意识到能上瘾的物质，如生活中的烟、酒、咖啡和部分药片等。
Text 12
Giving psychologists the option to become trained prescribers may create a division among psychologists whereby some will be able to prescribe and others will not. As a result, major discord could emerge. It is possible that psychologists with the right to prescribe may consider themselves superior to those without the right. If gaining prescription privileges would lead to broader third party payments or full hospital privileges for those qualified to prescribe, psychologists unable to do so may feel that they have been accorded second class status in their profession.
The debate, thus far, has focused on the training necessary to grant psychologists prescription privileges. Although this matter is important, of more basic concern are treatment implications and the future role of psychologists. Prescription privileges could move psychologists closer to a medical model and further away from their historical goal. Psychology began in the late 19th century as an application for psychological techniques. Its focus has been on assessment, behavioral interventions, consultation, and applied research. Before the widespread use of psychotropic medications, psychiatry emphasized the practice of psychotherapy. Gradually, psychiatry moved toward increased reliance on drugs and away from psychotherapy. It is possible, over time, that psychologists, like psychiatrists, could become more influenced by the use of medication.
Despite the argument that prescription privileges significantly may alter traditional psychotherapeutic implications, some psychologists strongly feel that they would be looked upon more favorably, gain prestige, and increase their caseload if they could have the same status of prescribing medication as psychiatrists do. Does this mean that a lack of prescription privileges promotes the image of psychology as an inferior profession to psychiatry? Contrary to this argument is the fact that psychologists are delivering more outpatient mental health care than any other group of providers.
Whatever some psychologists may perceive as a therapeutic drawback because they are unable to offer prescriptions for psychotropic medications apparently is not recognized by the general public. Psychologists may have flourished because they have offered a clear and distinct service from psychiatry. The use of medication may send a message to patients that may interfere with personal change and growth. Medications can undercut psychotherapy efforts by implying that benefits come from external agents, not from one's own efforts at change and growth.
A large portion of the population prefers the non-medication orientation of psychology. If psychologists began prescribing medications, many of their patients seeking alternative treatment might turn to social workers or other non medical therapists. There is little question that psychologists prescription privileges could have profound effects on the future direction of their profession.
1.Prescription privileges may lead to professional discord mainly because _______.
A.patients would turn to those qualified to prescribe
B.not all psychologists would gain the right to prescribe
C.trained prescribers are outstanding in their career
D.psychological techniques would become second choice
2.In the eyes of general public,_______.
A.psychology is an inferior profession to psychiatry
B.inability to offer prescription put psychologists at a therapeutic disadvantage
C.medication diminish the effectiveness of psychotherapy
D.prescription privileges could raise the psychologists' image
3.We can infer from the passage that if psychologists could prescribe, _______.
A.it would lead to broader third party payment
B.they would be looked upon more favorably
C.their caseload would increase
D.they might become more influenced by the use of drugs
4.The best title for the passage may be "________".
A.Future Role of Psychologists
B.Prescribing Medications: A Reasonable Choice?
C.Psychology versus Psychiatry
D.Prescription Privileges & Psychotropic Medications
5.The word "accord" (Line 6, Para. 1) means_______.
A.to grant B.to agree C.to conform D.to bring
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Giving psychologists the option to become trained prescribers may create a division among psychologists whereby some will be able to prescribe and others will not.
［结构分析］本句是复合句。whereby是关系副词，意为“靠那个”。giving psychologists the option to become trained prescribers是动名词形式，在句中作主语。
［参考译文］有选择地培训一些心理学者成为处方医生可能造成在心理专家之间的区别，一些专家有资格开处方而另一些却无处方权。
［长难例句］If gaining prescription privileges would lead to broader third party payments or full hospital privileges for those qualified to prescribe, psychologists unable to do so may feel that they have been accorded second class status in their profession.
［结构分析］本句为复合句。If引导条件状语从句，动名词形式gaining prescription privilege是从句中的主语。主句中unable to do so作定语，修饰先行词psychologists。
［参考译文］如果获得处方权会导致第三方的支出增加或者使有处方资格者享有完全的行医权，那些无处方权的心理治疗从业者可能感觉自己已被划为二流的从业人员。
全文参考译文
有选择地培训一些心理学者成为处方医生的选择可能造成心理专家之间的差别：一些专家有资格开处方而另一些却没有。结果分歧产生了，有处方权的心理医生可能感觉优越于无处方权者。如果获得处方权会导致第三方的支出增加或者使有处方权者享有完全的行医特权的话，那些无处方权的心理医生可能会觉得自己被划分为第二流的从业人员。
直到现在，争论的焦点是有没有培训心理学者以使其获得处方权的必要。虽然这个问题很重要，更基础的问题是治疗的含义以及心理学者未来的角色。处方权会使心理学者更像医生进而远离了他们一贯的目标。心理学作为心理技巧的应用始于19世纪晚期。它的中心是评估、行为干预、咨询以及应用研究。在精神类药物广泛传播之前，精神病学更侧重心理疗法。精神病学不断远离心理治疗，而对药物的依赖逐渐增加。随着时间的流逝，有可能发生的是：像精神病医师一样，心理医生也会更多地使用药物疗法。
尽管人们认为处方权会极大地改变传统的心理医疗学的意义，心理学者强烈地感到：如果自己能够像精神病医生那样拥有处方权的话，他们就更受欢迎、获得声望并增加就医人数。这种观点是不是意味着没有处方权就会贬低心理学的形象，使它比精神病学职业的地位更低？事实恰恰相反，心理学者对门诊就医者所提供的心理健康医疗比其他医生都要多。
由于心理医生对作用于精神的药物无处方权，他们可能察觉到这是治疗上的一个缺陷。很明显，这一点并未被公众所接受。心理医生本可以极为成功，因为他们提供的服务完全有别于精神病医疗。药物的使用会传递给病人一种信息，这种信息会干扰个人的变化和发展。药物疗法意味着治疗效果源自外部因素，而非患者在改变和发展中自身努力的结果。在这一点上，药物可能会掩饰心理治疗的效果。
许多人偏爱心理学的非药物治疗。如果心理医生开始写处方，他们的许多病人就会转向社会研究者或其他不用药的医疗师。心理医生的处方权会对他们的职业前景产生深刻影响，这一点几乎是毫无疑问的。
题目答案与解析
1.处方权可能会导致行业分化，主要是因为________。
A.病人可能找那些有处方权的人看病
B.并不是所有的心理医生都有权开处方
C.训练有素的能开处方的人是他们这个行业中的优秀分子
D.心理技术将成为第二选择
【答案】B
【解析】推理暗示题。文章第一、第二句话：给予一部分心理学者处方权会分化整体从业人员，导致思想分歧。而B项提到并不是所有的心理学者都有开处方的权力，因此B项是正确答案。
2.公众认为，________。
A.心理学从业人员比精神病学从业人员差
B.不能开处方会使心理学家在疾病治疗方面处于不利的处境
C.药物减弱了心理疗法的效果
D.处方权可以美化心理学者的形象
【答案】C
【解析】细节判断题。第四段末尾提到medications can undercut psychotherapy efforts by implying，在这一点上，药物可能会掩饰心理治疗的效果。C项恰恰表述了这一意思。
3.从本文我们可以推出，如果心理学者可以开处方，________。
A.可能会导致第三方支出的增加 B.他们可能会更受欢迎
C.就医人数可能会增加 D.他们可能会更多地使用药物疗法
【答案】D
【解析】推理暗示题。文章第二段最后一句话提到像精神病医师一样，心理医生也有可能会更多地使用药物疗法。由此可以推知D项为正确选项。
4.本文最适合的标题是“________”。
A.心理学者未来的角色 B.开处方：一个合理的选择？
C.心理学与精神病学 D.处方权与精神类药物
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要围绕是否有必要给予心理从业人员处方权这一中心思议题展开讨论，由此可见B项是正确选项。
5.单词“accord”（第一段第六行）的意思是________。
A.给予 B.同意 C.顺从 D.带来
【答案】A
【解析】词语释义题。accord意为“给予”，与grant同义。
Text 13
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by R.O. Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. " It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, and William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
1.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War because_______.
A.it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
B.its domestic market was eight times larger than before
C.the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
D.the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
2.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_______.
A.TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
B.semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
C.machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
D.auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
3.What can be inferred from the passage?
A.It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
B.Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
C.The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
D.A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
4.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_______.
A.turning of the business cycle B.restructuring of industry
C.improved business management D.success in education
5.Which industry in America could only still keep prosperous by 1987?
A.Television. B.Car. C.Textile. D.Machine-tool.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
［结构分析］本句中，as though（=as if）引导的是状语从句。在这个状语从句中，the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty是句子的主干，which引导了一个非限制性定语从句，用来修饰从句中的主语。
［参考译文］曾有一段时间，似乎半导体制造是另一个濒临覆灭的产业，要知道半导体正是美国人所发明的，它在计算机时代起着核心作用。
全文参考译文
拥有一段不经努力就获得成功的历史可能会成为一种可怕的不利因素，但是，如果处理得当，亦可能成为一种推动力。二战结束后，美国刚好进入了这样一段辉煌的时期，其市场比任何竞争者的至少大8倍，这为美国工业经济的发展提供了从未有过的规模。美国科学家是世界上最棒的，其工人也是技术最熟练的。美国的繁荣是那些经济被战争摧毁的欧亚诸国做梦也没有想到的。
但随着其他国家日趋富强，（美国）这种龙头地位江河日下是显然的。优势渐远的感觉让人痛苦亦是必然的。至20世纪80年代中期，美国人对日趋衰退的工业竞争能力迷惑不解。一些像消费电子产品之类的大工业在面对国外的竞争时已经萎缩或逐渐消失。到1987年，仅剩下Zenith一家电视制造商（而如今一家也没有了；Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收买）。外国制造的轿车和纺织品正蜂拥进入美国市场。美国机床工业处于危难之中。曾有一段时间，似乎半导体制造是另一个濒临覆灭的产业，要知道半导体正是美国人所发明的，它在计算机时代起着核心作用。
所有这一切导致了一种信心危机。美国人不再把繁荣当成是理所当然的事。他们开始认为自己缺乏经济头脑，他们认为他们的收入不久亦将下跌。在20世纪80年代中期，对美国工业走下坡路的原因作了一次又一次的调查。惊人的发现不时地在他们耳边充斥的是这样的警告——海外的竞争压力愈来愈烈。
情况改变得多快呀！1995年当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国就可以追忆这5年来稳固发展的历史了。很少有美国人把这一巨变完全归咎于美元贬值和商业周期的循环这些明显原因。人们不再自我否定，取而代之的是盲目的骄傲。借用哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长Richard Cavanagh的话说：“美国的工业改变了结构，消除了臃肿，学得更加明智。”来自华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的Stephen Moore说：“当我看到我们的企业在提高生产率时，作为一个美国人我感到骄傲。”哈佛商学院的William Sahlman认为，人们将会把这个时期当做美国企业管理的“黄金时代”来追忆。
题目答案与解析
1.美国于第二次世界大战后取得了领先地位的原因是，________。
A.它为实现这个目标付出了艰苦努力
B.它的国内市场比以前大8倍
C.第二次世界大战摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济
D.它的空前规模的劳动大军促进了经济的发展
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。C项与文中America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed的意思相符，因此C项为正确答案。
2.美国于20世纪80年代失去了在世界经济中的领先地位，美国的_______的事实证实了这一点。
A.电视产业已经萎缩到国内市场 B.半导体产业已经被外国公司取代
C.机床产业在采取自杀行动后崩溃了 D.汽车制造业失去了部分国内市场
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，由于其他国家逐渐富强起来，美国的领先地位不可避免地被削弱了；到20世纪80年代中期，美国人发觉自己对其日趋衰退的产业竞争力无计可施；面对国外的竞争，一些大型产业已经萎缩或倒闭，比如消费电子业；到1987年时，美国的电视制造业只剩下Zenith一家（如今，连一家也没有了：韩国的LG电子集团于7月收购了Zenith）；外国制造的汽车和纺织品也在涌入美国的国内市场；美国的机床产业也岌岌可危；美国的半导体制造业也似乎要崩溃。据此可知，20世纪80年代，美国失去了在世界经济中的领先地位，许多企业受到影响，外国制造的汽车和纺织品涌入美国国内市场，使其失去了部分国内市场。D项与文章意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.我们从本文可以推知什么？
A.在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间来回转变是人的本性。
B.激烈竞争可以促进经济的发展。
C.经济的复苏取决于国际合作。
D.持续成功的历史可能为进一步的发展铺平道路。
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第二段的内容可知，由于其他国家逐渐富强起来，美国的领先地位不可避免地被削弱了；到20世纪80年代中期，美国人发觉自己对其日趋衰退的产业竞争力无计可施；从第三段的内容可知，所有这一切引发了美国人的信心危机；美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事，他们开始认为自己缺乏经济头脑，开始相信自己的收入不久也会因此而下降；20世纪80年代中期，对美国经济走下坡路的原因作了一次又一次的调查，惊人地发现不时在他们耳边充斥的是这样的警告——来自海外的竞争压力越来越大。据此可知，一个国家的经济是衰退还是繁荣都是由于竞争所导致的。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.作者好像认为，美国20世纪90年代经济的复兴可能归因于________。
A.商业周期循环的转变 B.产业重组
C.企业管理的改善 D.教育方面的成功
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，1995年，美国的经济已连续5年稳步增长，而日本却一直在苦苦挣扎；几乎没有美国人把这些增长仅仅归因于美元的贬值或者商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因；人们不再自我怀疑，开始盲目骄傲；Richard Cavanagh说，“美国已经改变了它的产业结构，消除了臃肿，学得更加明智”；William Sahlman认为，回顾历史时，人们会把这段时期看成是“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。据此可知，作者认为美国经济的复兴可能是因为美元的贬值或者商业周期的循环。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.在1987年前美国只有什么行业仍能保持繁荣？
A.电视。 B.轿车。 C.纺织品。 D.机床。
【答案】A
【解析】本文考查对细节部分的理解。第二部分的后面部分提供了信息。
Text 14
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
1.In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was_______.
A.under aimless development B.a positive example
C.a rival to the West D.on the decline
2.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
A.Women's participation in social activities is limited.
B.More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
C.Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
D.The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
3.Which of the following is true according to the author?
A.Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
B.Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
C.More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
D.Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
4.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that_______.
A.the young are less tolerant of discomforts
B.the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
C.the Japanese endure more than ever before
D.the Japanese appreciate their present life
5.Which one ISN'T the social problem of present Japan due to lack of proper education?
A.Over productivity. B.Violence. C.Divorce. D.Suicide.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The coming of age and an entry of women have limited the opportunities of teenagers。who引导的定语从句修饰teenagers。involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder是过去分词短语作定语，修饰sacrifices。固定搭配sacrifices to sth. 的意思是“为……作出牺牲”。
［参考译文］战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年加上妇女打入男性统治的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机遇变得极为有限，这些青少年对为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯所付出的沉重的个人代价发生了质疑。
全文参考译文
日本在战后并非毫无目的的发展，它的高生产率和社会和谐让欧美各国羡慕不已。但是，日本人正在经历传统职业道德价值观的日益衰落。10年前的年轻人工作努力，把工作当做生存的主要目的。可现在日本在很大程度上已满足了经济需求，结果导致年轻人不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
战后婴儿潮的一代步入成年加上妇女加入男性统治的劳动力市场对青少年的发展机遇有所限制，这些青少年对从攀比上好学校到找好工作这一严格的社会阶梯所付出的沉重的个人代价产生了质疑。在最新的一项调查中发现，和67.2％的美国学生比较，仅有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活彻底满意。另外，和被调查的其他10个国家的工人比较，有更多的日本工人对工作表示不满意。
虽然日本的教育由于强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的称赞，可它往往强调应试和机械性学习而不重视创造性及能动性。占垄断地位的自由民主党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说：“考分中无法展现的个体、能力、勇气或慈悲心——这些被完全忽略。由此引发的沮丧感导致学生辍学，放荡不羁。”去年，日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中有929起是针对教师的。在人们的强烈谴责声中，很多保守党领导人正尝试恢复到战前那样，即强调道德教育。去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，认为二战后美国就业当局推出的改革开放政策削弱了日本人孝敬父母的道德观。
但是这也许与日本人的生活方式有更大关系。教育家Yoko Muro说：“在日本，问题绝不是你是否喜欢自己的工作及生活，而只是你能承受多少。”伴着经济的发展实现了居住的集中化。在1.19亿日本人中，足足有76％住在城里。在城里，社区和大家庭已不复存在，取而代之的是独立的两代人的家庭。城里的日本人长久以来忍受着漫长的上下班交通和拥挤的居住环境，然而，伴着旧的群体和家庭观念的削弱，这种不舒适开始出现。在过去的10年中，日本人的离婚率，虽然仍远远低于美国，可已上升了50％，而自杀率上升了差不多25％。
题目答案与解析
1.战后的日本在西方人看来________。
A.处于漫无目标的发展之中 B.是个正面例子
C.是西方国家的竞争者 D.在衰败
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，日本在战后并非毫无目的地发展——日本的生产力水平以及社会的融洽程度令欧美国家羡慕。据此可知，西方人认为，战后的日本值得学习。B项与文中the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.依照作者的观点，什么是日本社会的道德水平下降的主要原因？
A.女性参加社会的活动受到限制。 B.更多的工人对其工作不满。
C.过多地重视基本训练。 D.生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第一段的第二句话可知，日本人的传统工作道德价值观在逐渐淡化；从第二段的内容可知，战后生育高峰时期的到来以及女性进入以前由男性主导的工作领域限制了日本青少年的机会；此外，表示对工作不满意的日本工人远远多于所调查的另外10个国家的工人；从文章第三段的内容可知，虽然外国人经常称赞日本人注重基本训练，但是，日本的教育往往强调的是应试和机械学习，而不是创造性和个性表现的培养；自民党教育委员会主席指出，个性、能力、勇气或人道等全都被人们忽略了，由此而受到的挫折导致孩子们辍学、放荡不羁；从文章最后一段的内容可知，日本人的生活方式也发生了变化，人们逐渐放弃了社区和大家庭的观念，转而建立独立的两代人家庭；过去10年间，日本的离婚率虽然仍远低于美国，但是却增加了50％多，自杀率上升了将近25％。据此可知，作者认为，日本社会道德水平之所以下降，主要是因为日本人受了美国自由主义思想的影响。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.依照作者的观点，下面哪项是说法正确的？
A.人们称赞日本的教育有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。
B.日本的教育具有机械学习和创造力双重特征。
C.应该更注重创造力的培养。
D.辍学导致对应试教育的沮丧。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，虽然外国人经常称赞日本人注重基本训练，但是，日本的教育往往强调的是应试和机械学习，而不是创造性和个性表现的培养；据此可知，作者认为日本的教育应该注重创造性和自我表现的培养。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.日本人的生活方式发生了变化，其显示的事实是________。
A.年轻人更不能容忍生活中的不便之处 B.离婚率超过了美国
C.日本人忍耐的东西甚至比以前更多 D.日本人欣赏现在的生活
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，这可能与日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家Yoko Muro指出，在日本，你是否喜欢你的工作或生活从来都不是问题，唯一的问题就是你能够忍受到何种程度。在日本，人们逐渐放弃了社区和大家庭的观念，转而建立独立的两代人家庭。日本的城市居民长期忍受着漫长的乘车上、下班和拥挤的生活环境之苦，但是，随着传统的群体和家庭价值观念的淡薄，这些不便之处开始显露出来。过去10年间，日本的离婚率虽然仍远低于美国，但是却增加了50％多，自杀率上升了将近25％。由此可知：日本人的生活方式发生变化的标志就是——他们忍受不了生活中的不便之处。A项的“年轻人更不能容忍生活中的不便之处”与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.下面哪项不是因为缺乏正确教育而导致的当今日本的社会问题？
A.过度的生产力。 B.暴力。 C.离婚。 D.自杀。
【答案】A
【解析】本文探讨了当今的日本社会由于过度追求经济增长、放松人文道德教育而导致的社会问题：年轻人生活没有目标，迷惘，暴力犯罪增多，家庭结构变化导致个人幸福感降低，离婚率高，自杀人数上升，人们不是享受生活而是忍受生活等。本题考查全面综合能力。日本过度的经济增长是日本社会的主要特征，是优点而不是缺点。
Text 15
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure; that the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain; that the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report, "Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of plan of action, they continue to press for more research — a classic of "paralysis by analysis".
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
1.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that_______.
A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
2.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as_______.
A.a protector B.a judge C.a critic D.a guide
3.What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, Para. 4)?
A.Endless studies kill action. B.Careful investigation reveals truth.
C.Prudent planning hinders progress. D.Extensive research helps decision-making.
4.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. B.Raise public awareness of conservation.
C.Press for further scientific research. D.Take some legislative measures.
5.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because_______.
A.they both suffered from the government's negligence
B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
C.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
D.both of them have turned from bad to worse
长难例句分析
［长难例句］But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future，and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
［结构分析］本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。前面的分句结构简单；后面的分句结构略显复杂，其结构是：it is critical that...base... on the best judgments that... concerning...。it作形式主语，第一个that引导的从句是实际主语。第二个that引导的定语从句修饰the best judgments，在从句中concerning引导的现在分词短语作状语，意思是“就……而言，针对……而做的”。
［参考译文］但是，科学的确为我们提供了通向未来的最有用的指引，我们的国家和整个世界根据由此作出的最佳判断来制定重要政策，这是至关重要的——这些判断是科学针对当前的行动所产生的未来后果能够为我们提供的。
全文参考译文
还记得以前的那些岁月吗？当时，科学家认为吸烟会使我们丧命，而怀疑者则坚持认为我们不能肯定这种观点；证据并不充分，科学对此也不确定；反对吸烟的游说团体就要破坏我们的生活方式了，政府应该袖手旁观吗？许多美国人相信这种毫无道理的说法，30年来，大约有1000万名吸烟者因为吸烟过早夭折。
现在，由于科学家一次又一次地试图唤醒我们正视全球逐渐变暖的威胁，令人忧虑的相似景象又卷土重来。最近，一个由白宫召集的全国科学协会小组表示，地球的大气肯定在变暖，而且这个问题主要是人为造成的。确凿的信息是，我们应当行动起来保护自己。全国协会的会长Bruce Alberts在该小组的报告前言中附加了这个要点：“科学永远不会找到所有答案。但是，科学的确为我们提供了通向未来的最有用的指引，我们的国家和整个世界根据由此作出最佳判断来制定重要政策，这是至关重要的——这些判断是科学针对当前的行动所产生的未来后果能够为我们提供的。”
如同吸烟的问题一样，一些不同的观点坚持认为，有关全球变暖的科学还不完善，我们可以继续向空气中排放烟雾，直到我们确实了解其后果。这是一种危险的游戏：等到有了百分之百的证据时就可能太晚了。由于风险明显并且在不断增长，一个谨慎的民族现在就应该购买一份保单。
所幸的是，白宫正开始关注此事。但是，很显然总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真看待全球变暖这个问题。他们不是采取行动，而是继续要求进行更多的研究——这是“被分析而麻痹”的杰作。
要想担任这个星球负责任的管理者，我们就必须坚持进行更深入的大气和海洋研究。但是，只是研究还不够。如果政府不在立法上采取主动的话，国会就应当开始帮助制定保护措施。来自于西弗吉尼亚的民主党参议员Robert Byrd提出的一个法案是一个大有前途的开端，该法案将为私营产业提供财政奖励。很多人都注意到，我们国家正在准备修建大量新电站，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们要保护大气层的话，那么从环境的角度来看，至关重要的是那些新电站必须安全可靠。
题目答案与解析
1.一种由支持吸烟者提出的论点是，________。
A.没有科学证据证实吸烟与死亡之间的相互关系
B.过去几十年，过早死亡的吸烟者人数忽略不计
C.人们有选择他们自己的生活方式的自由
D.反对吸烟的人们通常是在胡说八道
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段：还记得以前的那些岁月吗？当时，科学家认为吸烟会使我们丧命，而怀疑者则坚持认为我们不能肯定这种观点……反对吸烟的游说团体就要破坏我们的生活方式了，政府应该袖手旁观吗？据此可知，支持吸烟者认为，人们有权按照他们自己选择的生活方式生活。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.按照Bruce Alberts的观点，可以用科学充当________。
A.保护者 B.法官 C.评论家 D.向导
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，全国协会的会长Bruce Alberts在该小组的报告前言中附加了这个要点：“科学永远不会找到所有答案，但是，科学的确为我们提供了通向未来的最有用的指引，我们的国家和整个世界依据由此作出的最佳判断来制定重要政策，这是至关重要的——这些判断是科学针对当前的行动所产生的未来后果能够为我们提供的。”据此可知，Bruce Alberts认为，科学为我们作指引。D项与文章的意思相符。因此为正确答案。
3.作者通过“paralysis by analysis”（第四段最后一行）表达了什么意思？
A.无止境的研究妨碍行动。 B.仔细的调查揭示真理。
C.谨慎的计划阻碍进步。 D.深入的研究有助于作出决定。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段：幸运的是，白宫正开始关注此事；但是，很显然，总统的大多数顾问仍然没有认真看待全球变暖这个问题，他们不是采取行动，而是继续要求进行更深入的研究——这是“被分析而麻痹”的杰作。据此可知，作者说这句话的意思是太多的研究阻碍人们采取行动。A项与作者的观点相符，因此为正确答案。
4.按照作者的观点，政府对于全球变暖问题应该做些什么？
A.提供援助，帮助修建更清洁的电站。 B.唤起公众的保护意识。
C.继续要求进行进一步的科学研究。 D.采取一些立法措施。
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，要想充当这个星球负责任的管理者，我们就必须坚持更深入地研究大气和海洋；如果政府不在立法上采取主动，国会就应当开始帮助制定保护措施。据此可知，作者认为政府应该在立法上采取行动。D项与作者的观点相符。因此为正确答案。
5.作者将全球变暖问题与吸烟问题结合起来的原因是，________。
A.这两个问题都受到政府的忽视
B.从吸烟问题吸取的教训适用于全球变暖问题
C.吸烟问题产生的后果加剧了全球变暖问题的后果
D.这两个问题都越来越严重
【答案】B
【解析】文中讲道：还记得以前的那些岁月吗？当时，科学家认为吸烟会使我们丧命，而怀疑者则坚持认为我们不能肯定这种观点；证据并不确凿，科学对此也不确定……如今，由于科学家一轮又一轮地试图唤醒我们正视全球逐渐变暖的威胁，令人忧虑的相似景象又卷土重来；最近的情况是，一个由白宫召集的全国科学协会小组告诉我们，地球的大气肯定在变暖，而且这个问题主要是人为造成的；正如有关吸烟问题一样，来自于不同角度的观点坚持认为，有关全球变暖的科学还不完善，继续向空气中排放烟雾没有关系，直到我们确实了解其后果。据此可知，作者认为在吸烟问题上的争论与目前在全球变暖问题上的争论很相似。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 16
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface. On the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
1.The author believes that_______.
A.the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior
B.the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
C.the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
D.the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
2.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that_______.
A.the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
B.they have been found to share certain geological features
C.the African plates has been stable for 30 million years
D.over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
3.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining_______.
A.the structure of the African plates B.the revival of dead volcanoes
C.the mobility of the continents D.the formation of new oceans
4.The passage is mainly about_______.
A.the features of volcanic activities
B.the importance of the theory about drifting plates
C.the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
D.the process of the formation of volcanoes
5.Which movement of the two continents is NOT mentioned in the article?
A.Two continents were joined.
B.One continent is stationary while other drifting.
C.Two continents move in reverse direction.
D.Two continents move in the same direction.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
［结构分析］本句话中，主干是they are not found... on the contrary... many of them lie。unlike引导的是状语，由that引导的主语从句修饰the great drifting plates。on the contrary为连接词，把两个句子连接在一起。
［参考译文］和大多数火山不同，它们都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板块的连接点，反而有很多藏于板块的深处。
全文参考译文
地球上零碎分布着一百多个相互独立并且面积不大的火山活动区，地质学家称之为“热点区”。和大多数火山不同，它们都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板块的连接点，反而有很多藏于板块的深处。大部分热点区移动极其缓慢，有时候，板块滑过这些热点区，便留下死火山的痕迹。热点区加上其火山痕迹是板块移动的象征。
板块漂移学说如今已是无需质疑的了。例如非洲和南美洲，因为有新物质深入洋底，两个大陆距离愈来愈远。即使远隔大洋，可相互吻合的海岸线和似乎好像跨越过海的地质特征，均会让人想到这两个大陆曾是相连的。带着两个大陆漂移的板块做相对运动，这已得到具体解释，但不能把一个板块相对于另一板块的运动简单地解释为板块与地球内部之间的运动。由于人们还没法肯定两个大陆是否在朝相反的方向运动，也没法肯定是否是一个大陆原地不动，而另一个大陆正在远离它而去。因而位于地壳深处的热点区提供了解决这一问题的测量仪。从热点区的人口情况分析显示，好像非洲板块是不动的，3000万年过去了也没见移动。
热点区的重要意义并不仅仅只是它们所起到的参照物的作用。如今它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理进程有重要作用。当大陆板块漂移到热点区上方时，由地壳深处涌出的物质便会使板块凸起，形成巨大圆盖。圆盖不断裂大，板块出现深深的裂痕。至少有几次，大陆差点顺着这些裂痕完全分开。因而，热点区理论解释了新海洋的起因。这样一来，就像早些时候的一些理论已经解释了大陆的流动性一样，热点区理论或许能对大陆板块的不稳定性加以说明。
题目答案与解析
1.作者相信，________。
A.板块的运动与地球内部的运动相似
B.有关板块漂移的地质理论已经被证实是正确的
C.热点与板块向相反的方向缓慢移动
D.热点的运动证明大陆正在逐渐分离
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，地球上散布着一百多个热点；大多数的热点独自缓慢运动，某些情况下，经过这些热点的板块运动留下死火山的痕迹；热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的符号；从文章第二段的内容可知，如今，有关板块在运动的理论已经无可争辩；然后举例进一步说明；从文章最后一段的内容可知，热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用上；现在看来，它们对推动板块在地球上移动的地球物理学的过程也产生了重大影响；因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样，热点或许可以解释大陆的不稳定性。据此可知，作者认为有关大陆移动的理论是正确的。B项文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.推论出非洲和南美洲曾经连在一起，可以依据________。
A.这两个洲仍然在向相反的方向移动 B.人们发现，这两个洲具有引人注目的地质特征
C.非洲板块已经稳定了3000万年 D.地球各地散布着一百多个热点
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，由于新物质被增添进非洲和南美洲之间的海底，因此这两个洲正在逐渐分离；相吻合的海岸线以及似乎横跨海洋的地质特征提示人们——这两块大陆曾经连接在一起。据此可知，人们之所以认为非洲和南美洲曾经连在一起，是因为它们的某些地质特征相似。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.热点理论在解释_______时可能被证实有用。
A.非洲板块的结构 B.死火山的复活
C.大陆的漂移 D.新海洋的形成
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用上；现在看来，它们对推动板块在地球上移动的地球物理学的过程也产生了重大影响；当一个大陆性板块在一个热点上停止移动时，从地球更深层涌出的物质会形成一个巨大的圆丘；随着圆丘不断增长，它会出现深深的裂沟；在某些情况下，大陆至少可能会沿着这样的一些裂缝完全分裂，于是，该热点便开始形成一个新海洋；因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样，热点或许可以解释大陆的不稳定性。据此可知，热点理论可以用于解释大陆的不稳定性，即热点可以促使形成新海洋。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.本篇文章主要是关于________。
A.火山运动的特点 B.有关板块漂移理论的重要性
C.地质物理研究中热点的重要性 D.火山形成的过程
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，地球上散布着一百多个与外部隔绝的火山活动小区域，地质学家称之为热点；随后说明了热点的特点；文章第二段说明了板块漂移理论，最后一句话指出：根据热点密度的分析可以看出——非洲板块静止不动了3000万年；从文章第三段的内容可知，热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用上，它们对推动板块地球上移动的地质物理过程也产生了重大影响；然后具体说明了热点如何促使形成了新海洋；从文章的最后一句话可知，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样，热点理论或许可以解释大陆的易变性。据此可知，本文主要讲的是热点理论在地质物理研究中的重要作用。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.对于两个大陆之间的运动关系，文中没有提及是哪一个？
A.两个大陆连接起来。 B.一个大陆固定不动，另一个大陆在漂移。
C.两个大陆背向漂移。 D.两个大陆相向漂移。
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查对细节的理解。全文中没有提到大陆板块相撞的话题。
Text 17
One thing the tour books don't tell you about London is that 2,000 of its residents are foxes. As native as the royal family, they fled the city about centuries ago after developers and pollution moved in. But now that the environment is cleaner, the foxes have come home, one of the many wild animals that have moved into urban areas around the world.
"The number and variety of wild animals in urban areas is increasing," says Gomer Jones, president of the National Institute for Urban Wildlife, in Columbia, Maryland. A survey of the wildlife in New York's Central Park last year tallied the species of mammals, including muskrats, shrews and flying squirrels. A similar survey conducted in the 1890s counted only five species. One of the country's largest populations of raccoons now lives in Washington, D.C., and moose are regularly seen wandering into Maine towns. Peregrine falcons dive from the window ledges of buildings in the largest U.S. cities to prey on pigeons.
Several changes have brought wild animals to the asphalt jungles — and, vice versa. Foremost is that air and water quality in many cities has improved as a result of the 1970s pollution control efforts. Meanwhile, rural areas have been built up, leaving many animals on the edges of suburbia. In addition, conservationists have created urban wildlife refuges.
The Greater London Council last year spent $750,000 to buy land and build 10 permanent wildlife refuges in the city. Over 1,000 volunteers have donated money and cleared rubble from derelict lots. As a result, pheasants now strut in the East End and badgers scuttle across lawns near the center of town. A colony of rare house martins nests on a window ledge beside Harrods, and one evening last year a fox was seen on Westminster Bridge looking up at Big Ben.
For peregrine falcons, cities are actually safer than rural cliff dwellings. By 1970 the birds were extinct east of the Mississippi because the DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life. That year, ornithologist Tom Cade of Cornell University began raising the birds for release in cities, for cities afforded abundant food in the form of pigeons and contained none of the peregrines natural predators.
"Before they were exterminated, some migrated to cities on their own because they had run out of cliff space," Cade says. "To peregrines, buildings are just like cliffs." He has released about 30 birds since 1975 in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia and Norfolk, and of the 20 pairs now living in the East, half are urbanites. "A few of the young ones have gotten into trouble by falling down chimneys and crashing into window glass, but overall their adjustment has been successful.”
1.The first paragraph suggests that_______.
A.environment is crucial for wildlife
B.tour books are not always a reliable source of information
C.London is a city of fox
D.foxes are highly adaptable to environment
2.The selection is primarily concerned with_______.
A.wildlife of all kinds returning to large cities to live
B.falcons in New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Norfolk
C.moose stumbling into plate-glass storefronts
D.foxes returning to London
3.In the 4th paragraph the pheasants, badgers, and martins, etc are mentioned to_______.
A.explain their living habit
B.make known their habitat
C.show the endeavors of Londoners to make the city habitable for wildlife
D.to encourage volunteers to do something for the species
4.Para. 3 denotes_______.
A.that air and water quality has improved in the cities
B.why wildlife likes the noise and commotion in the cities
C.that wildlife refuges have been built in the cities
D.why wildlife is returning to cities
5.Cities make good homes for peregrine falcons because they provide_______.
A.bountiful nesting areas, abundant food, and rainwater control basins
B.abundant food, buildings that resemble cliffs, and no natural predators
C.large buildings with chimneys, other wildlife, and well lighted nesting areas
D.abundant food, chimneys, rubble and window sills
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Foremost is that air and water quality in many cities has improved as a result of the 1970s pollution control efforts.
［结构分析］这是一类典型的同位语表达结构，但要注意as a result of这样一个表示原因的名词性短语在翻译时要前置，而且转化为一个原因从句的表达。
［参考译文］最主要的变化是自从20世纪70年代颁布的控制污染法实施以来，许多城市的空气和水质都有很大的改善。
［长难例句］By 1970 the birds were extinct east of the Mississippi because the DDT had made their eggs too thin to support life.
［结构分析］主语the birds 有一个修饰语east of the Mississippi在句式上为了避免头重脚轻而后置，另外从句中的too... to结构表达的是“太……而不能”的意思。
［参考译文］到了20世纪70年代，在密西西比东部地区，由于DDT的使用使得游隼的蛋壳变得太薄，难以维持生命，它们几乎绝迹。
全文参考译文
旅游指南没有告诉你有关伦敦的一件事是：它的居民中有2000个是狐狸。如同英国皇室一样，它们也是土生土长，只是在几个世纪以前，当开发商和污染到来之后，它们才逃离了这座城市。但是现在这里的环境比过去干净，狐狸也回家了，它们是世界上把家搬到城市的许多野生动物之一。
马里兰州哥伦比亚市城市野生动物国家研究院院长Gomer Jones说：“市内地区野生动物的数量和种类正在不断增加。”去年对纽约中央公园野生动物的调查发现10种哺乳动物，包括麝鼠、鼩鼱和鼯鼠。1890年所做的类似的调查仅仅找到5种哺乳动物。目前在华盛顿特区生活着全国数量最大的浣熊群体，人们也常常能够见到驼鹿漫不经心地进入缅因州的城镇。在美国的一些大城市，游隼从天俯冲而下，到高大建筑的窗台上捕捉鸽子。
城市所发生的一些变化把野生动物带到了这些柏油丛林——反之亦然。最主要的变化是自从20世纪70年代颁布的控制污染法实施以来，许多城市的空气和水质都有很大的改善。同时，农村的开发也已兴起，把许多动物赶到了郊区的边缘。此外，自然资源保护者也已在市区建起了野生动物庇护所。
大伦敦区市议会去年斥资75万美元购买土地，并在市区兴建了10个永久野生动物避难所。1000名志愿者捐款，清除废物场的碎石。结果是：雉鸡如今在伦敦东区高视阔步，獾在市中心的草坪上东奔西跑，一群家燕在哈罗德大楼旁边的窗台上筑巢；去年一天傍晚，人们看到一只狐狸在威斯敏斯特桥上翘望大本钟。
对于游隼来说，城市实际上要比乡间悬崖峭壁上的家更加安全。到了20世纪70年代，在密西西比东部地区，由于DDT的使用使得游隼的蛋壳变得太薄，难以维持生命，它们几乎绝迹。在同一年，康奈尔大学鸟类学家Tom Cade开始喂养这种鸟，然后在城市放飞，因为城市可以提供以鸽子的形式存在的充足的食物，而没有它的天敌。
Cade说：“在其灭绝以前，一些游隼自动迁徙进入城市，这是因为悬崖上已经没有更多的空间了。对于它们来说，大楼就是悬崖。”自1975年以来，他已经在纽约、巴尔的摩、费城和诺福克放飞了30只游隼。现在生活在东部的20对游隼中，有一半是城市“居民”。一些小游隼遇到麻烦，它们掉进了烟囱、撞碎玻璃窗户，但是总的说来，它们已经成功地适应了城市生活。
题目答案与解析
1.第一段暗示________。
A.环境对于动物至关重要 B.旅游指南并不是一个可靠的信息来源
C.伦敦是一个狐狸的城市 D.狐狸的环境适应能力强
【答案】A
【解析】推理暗示题。随着开发商的到来，城市出现了污染，狐狸就离开了。后来环境清洁了，狐狸又回来了。显然，第一段暗示环境对于动物至关重要。B、C和D三项均与原文不相符合。通过第一段推断得出A项为正确选项。
2.本选段主要在讲________。
A.各种的野生动物回到大城市生活 B.纽约、巴尔的摩、费城和诺福克的游隼
C.驼鹿碰碎了商店的玻璃门 D.狐狸返回了伦敦
【答案】A
【解析】细节判断题。第一段写狐狸回到了城市，第二段写城市中动物的数量和品种在增加，第三、第四、第五段写人为因素使城市适合动物的生存，最后一段写动物自己回到城市生活。总的说来，是写动物回到城里生活。从全文把握，可知A项为正确答案。
3.第四段提雉鸡、獾、燕子等，是为了________。
A.解释它们的生活习性
B.让大家知道它们的生活习性
C.说明伦敦市民在把城市建设成为野生动物的栖息地方面所做的努力
D.鼓励志愿者做点什么来保护物种
【答案】C
【解析】推理暗示题。原文提到这些动物是在详释伦敦人为使动物回到城里所付出的人力和物力的结果。A、B和D项均与原文主要内容及题干意思不相符。从第四段中可知，伦敦市议会投资75万美元兴建动物避难所；1000名志愿者捐款改善环境，这些都表明了伦敦人为使野生动物成为城市居民所做的努力。
4.第三段指出，________。
A.城市里水和空气的质量都得到了改善 B.为什么野生动物喜欢呆在喧闹的城市里
C.城市里已经建立了野生动物避难所 D.为什么野生动物正在返回城市
【答案】D
【解析】推理暗示题。第三段主要写城市所发生的一些变化把野生动物带回城市，故此段的主要意思是由于环境的改善，野生动物们返回城里，D项与此意相符，A、B、C项均不符合题意。
5.城市是游隼生存的好地方，是因为这里有________。
A.大量可以筑巢的地方、丰富的食物和有雨水的水池
B.丰富的食物，建筑物像悬崖峭壁，没有天敌
C.带烟囱的大型建筑物、其他野生动物、阳光充裕的筑巢地
D.丰富的食物、烟囱、碎石和窗台
【答案】B
【解析】细节判断题。从倒数第二段for cities afforded abundant food in the form of pigeons and contained none of the peregrines natural predators可知，答案为B项。
Text 18
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.
1.The third sentence of Para. 1 implies that_______.
A.people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
B.the blind could be happier than the sighted
C.over-excited people tend to neglect vital things.
D.fascination makes people lose their eyesight
2.In Para. 5, "the powerless" probably refers to_______.
A.areas short of electricity B.dams without power stations
C.poor countries around India D.common people in the Narmada Dam area
3.What is the myth concerning giant dams?
A.They bring in more fertile soil. B.They help defend the country.
C.They strengthen international ties. D.They have universal control of the waters.
4.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as "________".
A.It's no use crying over spilt milk B.More haste, less speed
C.Look before you leap D.He who laughs last laughs best
5.According to the article, which country mentioned as follows FAILS to suffer from big dam?
A.Egypt. B.India. C.Turkey. D.Slovak.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
［结构分析］本句的主干是The Aswan Dam stopped... deprived...。that floods left修饰的是the fertile silt。破折号后面表示结果，由in return for引出，句末是一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰 disease。
［参考译文］例如阿斯旺大坝，它抵挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及丢失了洪水冲击后留下的肥沃土壤，取而代之的却是一个病态的大水库。如今的水库积满泥沙，几乎发不出电来。
全文参考译文
重大技术的创造中很少有哪个比巨型大坝更令人神往。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝之灾才使得“让洪水听从人的调遣”这种理想如此令人痴迷。但令人痴迷有时也就令人盲目。有几个巨型大坝工程颇有弊大于利的势头。
大的并不总是美的，这是修建大坝的教训。建一个功能巨大的大水坝象征着国家和人民在努力显示自身力量已取得的成功，但相对于国家和人民却没有好处。埃及在阿拉伯世界的领导地位由于阿斯旺大坝得以巩固和加强；土耳其在其争取跻身于第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。
可大坝不一定会像预想的那样发挥作用。例如阿斯旺大坝，它抵挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及丢失了洪水冲击后留下的肥沃土壤，取而代之的却是一个病态的大水库。如今的水库积满泥沙，几乎发不出电来。
可是控制洪水的神话还在继续传播。这星期，在文明欧洲的中心地区，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人为在多瑙河建坝上发生争执，差一点儿就要派遣军队了。在这一大型工程上，可能会出现大坝修建上所有的常见问题。但是，斯洛伐克人正在搞独立，要脱离捷克，他们需要建大坝来证实自己的强大。
与此同时，印度在纳玛达河大坝上出现的问题就更多了，可世界银行已贷款给印度。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝会给那里的普通百姓带来灾难，并且会破坏那里的生态环境，但是，世界银行仍坚持己见。收益带来权势，但却没有保障作后盾。
对建坝造成的危害以及对治水的耗资和收益进行合理的科学研究，对于解决这些矛盾有帮助。进行水力发电、治洪，以及灌溉并非非要修建巨型大坝。但如果你迷信神话，就很难做到合理或科学。如今是世界各国从阿斯旺大坝的事例中吸取教训的时候了。人们并不需要大坝来拯救自己。
题目答案与解析
1.第一段第三句话暗示，________。
A.如果人们无视现实，他们就会感到幸福
B.盲人可能比看得见的人更幸福
C.过于兴奋的人往往忽视至关重要的东西
D.迷恋使人们丧失视力
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，很少有重大的科技创造物像巨型水坝那样激发人的想象力；可能正是由于人类长期遭受洪水和干旱的侵害，才使得“让水听从人的调遣”这种理想如此吸引人；但是，它令人着迷有时也使人不理智；好几个巨型水坝工程有弊大于利的势头。据此可知，人们往往因为盲目乐观而失去理智，缺乏对关系重大事情的判断力。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.第五段中的“the powerless”意指________。
A.缺电的地区 B.没有发电站的水坝
C.印度周边的贫穷国家 D.纳玛达水坝地区的普通人民
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第五段的内容可知，在印度，世界银行已经给那个更离谱的纳玛达水坝发放了许可证；尽管世界银行的顾问认为那个水坝会给平民百姓带来苦难，会破坏那里的环境，但是世界银行还是发放了许可证；这样做是在给那些有权势的人带来好处。据此可知，the powerless可能的意思应该与the powerful（有权势的人）之义相反，也就是“没有权势的人”，即平民百姓。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.什么是关于大型水坝的神话？
A.大型水坝带来更多肥沃的泥土。 B.大型水坝帮助保卫国家。
C.大型水坝巩固了国际关系。 D.大型水坝完全控制了洪水。
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，好几个巨型水坝工程有弊大于利的势头；从文章第三段的内容可知，但是巨型水坝往往不如设计的那样发挥作用；从文章第四段的内容可知，控制洪水的神话仍在延续；从文章最后一段的内容可知，即使不建造巨型水坝，也有可能利用水力发电，也有可能控制洪水，也有可能实施灌溉；但是，当你面对神话时，你就很难做到恰当或是科学；是整个世界从阿斯旺水坝中吸取教训的时候了；人类并不需要水坝来拯救自己。据此可知，有关大型水坝的神话是——人们相信大型水坝控制了洪水，但事实证明这种神话不对。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.作者尽力表示的意思可以最恰当地解释为“________”。
A.覆水难收 B.欲速则不达
C.三思而后行 D.笑到最后者笑得最开心
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，很少有重大的科技创造物像巨型水坝那样激发人的想象力；可能正是由于人类长期遭受洪水和干旱的侵害，才使得“让水听从人的调遣”这种理想如此吸引人；但是，令人着迷有时也使人不理智；好几个巨型水坝工程有弊大于利的势头；从第二段的内容可知，从修建水坝得到的教训是——大的并不总是完美的；从文章第三段的内容可知，但是巨型水坝往往不如预期的那样发挥作用；从第四段的内容可知，然而，控制洪水的神话仍在延续；第五段举例说明了这一点；从文章最后一段的内容可知，彻底、科学地研究大坝将造成的影响，研究控制洪水的成本和效益，有助于人们解决这些问题；是整个世界从阿斯旺水坝中吸取教训的时候了；人类并不需要水坝来拯救自己。据此可知，作者想提醒人们不要再相信大型水坝可以完全控制洪水的神话，不能因为盲目乐观而失去理智，应该彻底、科学地研究问题，从阿斯旺水坝中吸取教训，解决面临的实际困难。C项与作者的意图相符，因此为正确答案。
5.依照本文意思，下面的哪个国家没有遭受大坝的侵扰？
A.埃及。 B.印度。 C.土耳其。 D.斯洛伐克。
【答案】C
【解析】本文考查全文的总结能力。一共提及了五个国家及它们跟大坝的关系。在文中的开头讲到埃及和土耳其曾受惠于大坝，但是后来又讲到埃及遭受大坝的负面影响。只有土耳其没有提及。
Text 19
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years, even the past 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
1.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
A.A lack of mates. B.A fierce competition.
C.A lower survival rate. D.A defective gene.
2.What does the example of India illustrate?
A.Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
B.Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
C.The middle class population is 80％ smaller than that of the tribes.
D.India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
3.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_______.
A.life has been improved by technological advance
B.the number of female babies has been declining
C.our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D.the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution B.Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution
C.The Evolutionary Future of Nature D.Human Evolution Going Nowhere
5.Which of the following statements is NOT natural selection?
A.Male mortality. B.Having less offspring.
C.Baby mortality. D.Stable physical state.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是differences and the opportunity have diminished。介词短语between people作定语修饰differences；for natural selection to take advantage of it是定语，用来修饰 opportunity。
［参考译文］人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会逐渐减小。
全文参考译文
男人一直面临危险。男女出生时比率大约为105:100，但到了成熟期，这种比率下降，几乎达到平衡，在70岁的老年人中，女性比男性多一倍。可是男性死亡率高这一显然特征正在改变。如今的男婴存活率同女婴一样。这代表着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄，将第一时间出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又失去了一个自然选择的机会。50年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活下来的几率取决于其体重。轻1千克或重1千克都几乎代表着必死无疑。体重在今天几乎不起作用。由于很多差别是由基因引起的，因而又一个进化因素消失了。
消灭进化因素的另一种方法就是高存活率，少生孩子。如今很少人像从前那样生殖力旺盛。排除一些宗教群体，很少有妇女生15个孩子。今天所生孩子的数目就像死亡年龄一样，人人都差不多。我们大多数人家的子女人数几乎都一样多。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会逐渐减小。印度正在发生的情况证明了一切。该国为大城市的一部分人提供财富，而其余那些仍保持群居的部落民族依然贫困。今天最大的相同点，每个人的生存机会和子女数量都一样，这意味着，与部落比较，自然选择在印度中上阶层已失去80％的作用。
对我们来说，这代表着进化已结束；已经达到了生物的理想境界。令人奇怪的是，这种进化几乎不涉及身体的变化。没有另外的物种在大自然中占有这么多的地方。可在过去的10万年，甚至100年中，我们的生活发生了改变，但我们的身体却没有改变。我们之所以没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们改变了生活。达尔文有一句话描述了那些对进化一无所知的人：他们“看有机的生命就像野人看一条船，如看某种超出理解范围的东西”。不用怀疑，我们将会记住20世纪的生活方式，即使其丑态超出人的理解，但是，不论我们的子孙对我们距理想状态的遥远感到多么迷惑不解，可他们将长得和我们一样。
题目答案与解析
1.依照文章的第一段，作为男性过去面临的危险是什么？
A.缺少配偶。 B.激烈的竞争。 C.更低的存活率。 D.基因有缺陷。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，身为男性，总是有危险；男、女的出生比例大约为105:100，但是到成年时，这个比例就下降了，几乎持平；在70岁的老年人中，女性的人数比男性多一倍。据此可知，以前，男性面临的危险是死亡率普遍高。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.举印度的例子是用来说明什么问题？
A.富人生的子女往往比穷人少。 B.自然选择在富人和穷人中几乎起不了作用。
C.中产阶层的人口比部落人口少80％。 D.印度是人口出生率非常高的国家之一。
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知：如今很少人像从前那样生殖力旺盛。排除一些宗教群体，很少有妇女生15个孩子。今天所生孩子的数目就像死亡年龄一样，人人都差不多。我们大多数人家的子女人数几乎都一样多。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会逐渐减小。印度正在发生的情况证明了一切。该国为大城市的一部分人提供财富，而其余那些仍保持群居的部落民族依然贫困。今天最大的相同点，每个人的生存机会和子女数量都一样，这意味着，与部落比较，自然选择在印度中上阶层已失去80％的作用。据此可知，印度的例子说明——在印度，自然选择在穷人和富人之间所起的作用大大降低了。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.作者争论道，我们的身体已经停止进化的原因是________。
A.技术的进步改善了人的生活 B.女婴的数量一直在减少
C.我们已经达到进化的最高境界 D.贫富之间的差距正在消失
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，我们没有进化，因为机器和社会代替我们进化了。据此可知，我们的身体已经停止进化的原因是机器和社会代替我们进化了，也就是先进的技术代替我们进化了。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.以下各项中，哪项可以作为本文的最佳标题？
A.人类进化中性别比例的变化 B.延续人类进化的方法
C.自然的进化前景 D.人类的进化停止了
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，如今，男婴和女婴的存活率几乎一样；这就意味着，自然选择的另一个偶然性已经被消除；因为大部分的变异是由基因引起的，所以进化的又一个因素不存在了；从第二段的内容可知，如今，几乎没有人像过去那样能生育了；现在，出生的人数已经平均化；我们大多数人所生的子女几乎一样多；人与人之间的差别以及利用这种差别进行自然选择的良机都已经减少；每个人的寿命相同，所生的子女数量也一样；从文章最后一段的内容可知，对于我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束了；生物学上的理想境界已经来临；过去10万年——甚至过去100年，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没有改变；我们没有进化，因为机器和社会代替我们进化了；无论我们的后代感到多么惊奇，他们还是会看起来跟我们一样。据此可知，本文主要讲的是——由于一些进化因素的消失，人类的进化已经结束了。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.下面的哪个说法不是自然选择？
A.男性死亡率。 B.后代少。 C.婴儿死亡率。 D.稳定的体质。
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查对全文的总结能力。最后一段中讲述到了人的体质这么多年来没有进化的原因。
Text 20
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development — and its strong implications for U.S. politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the U.S. population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun belt states—Florida, Texas and California—together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th—with Cleveland and Washington, D.C., dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:
Regionally, the Rocky mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the U.S. population.
Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except from Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people— about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
1.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s_______.
A.enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
B.witnessed a southwestern shift of population
C.underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
D.brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
2.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that_______.
A.it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
B.it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
C.it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living
D.it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"
3.We can see from the available statistics that_______.
A.California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole U.S.
B.the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
C.cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
D.Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
4.The word "demographers" (Line 1, Para. 7) most probably means_______.
A.people in favor of the trend of democracy. B.advocates of migration between states
C.scientists engaged in the study of population D.conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
5.The best title for this article is "________".
A.Population Growth in America B.Regional Competition in America
C.Regional Population Imbalance in America D.Change of Population Growth Rate in America
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child bearing years.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是immigrants played a role... so did babies，as引导的是原因状语从句。
［参考译文］持续的移民潮加上还有当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄，这些原因都在起着作用。
全文参考译文
1980年的人口普查表明，随着东北部和中西部人口增长几乎停滞，地区间的竞争已愈来愈激烈。
这一发展态势表明，在美国的人口普查历史上，南方第一次成为美国人口最稠密的地区，这对美国未来的政治和经济都有很重要的指导作用。
总体上看，20世纪70年代，美国人口共增加了2320万。从数字上看，这是有记录以来十年期人口增长的第三高峰。即便如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4％。除了大萧条时期外，这是美国最低的年增长率。
自从第二次世界大战以来，美国人口一直大幅度向南方和西部地区迁移，到目前为止，这一趋势仍然不减。
在佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光地带，1980年的人口几乎比10年前增加了将近1000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第十四位上升到第八位，圣安东尼奥从第十五位上升到第十位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区却被排挤出前十名之列。
人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人迁移的原因都是为了离开寒带，持续的移民潮加上当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄，这些原因都在起着作用。
另外，人口统计学家发现，向南部和西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种与此相关却又与从前不同的现象：越来越多的美国人明显不再只是寻找有更多就业机会的地方，他们还在寻找人口稀疏的地方。有以下例子为证；
●从区域上看，落基山脉附近各州的人口增长率最高——有报告说，在这片幅员辽阔地带居住的人口仅占美国总人口的5％，但自1970年开始，其增长率却上升到了37.1％。
●在各个州中，内华达州与亚利桑那州是增长率最高的两个州，分别为63.5％和53.1％。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于增长率前十位的州都位于西部，共有750万人口——大约每平方英里有9个人。
逃离人口拥挤地区的做法影响了过去一味要离开寒带地区到气候暖和的地方居住的趋势。
1980年人口普查的统计数字最精确地描绘出美国人迁移最西部是为了找到更广阔的居住空间。如此一来，20世纪70年代加利福尼亚州人口增长最快，增长了370万。
同时亦有大批的人在20世纪70年代离开加利福尼亚州，但是，大部分人的目的地是西部的其他地方。他们那时——现在也是如此——要去的地方是气候比较寒冷的俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加等地，目的是躲开“黄金州”（加利福尼亚）的烟雾污染、犯罪以及其他都市化进程中出现的问题。
结果导致了20世纪70年代加利福尼亚州的人口增长率下降到了18.5％。这个数字比20世纪60年代增长率的2/3稍高一点，但显然比西部各州要低。
题目答案与解析
1.从1980年人口统计提供的人口增长的复杂图表可以看出，美国在20世纪70年代________。
A.享有历史上最低的人口净增长 B.经历了人口向西南地区的迁移
C.经历了一段空前的人口增长期 D.终止了自二战以来的迁移模式
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，1980年的人口普查表明，由于东北部和中西部地区的人口增长几乎停滞，地区间的竞争越来越激烈；从文章第二段的内容可知，这种发展使得南部地区首次成为美国人口普查史上人口最稠密的地区；文章第三段具体说明了增长的人口数量；从文章第四段的内容可知，自二战以来，美国人口一直大量移居南部和西部地区，而且这种趋势仍然盛行。据此可知，1980年人口统计的结果显示——二战后，美国人口大量移居南部和西部地区。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.此次人口普查与以前的人口流动研究有所不同的原因是________。
A.它强调了气候对人口分布的影响
B.它强调了无休止的移民潮造成的影响
C.它揭示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求
D.它详尽阐述了昔日“生育高峰”的滞后影响
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第六段的内容可知，人口普查官员说，并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带地区；从第七段的内容可知，人口统计学家发现，向南部、西部地区的持续迁移伴随着一种与之相关但却更新的现象——很明显，越来越多的美国人不只是在寻找有更多工作机会的地区，他们也是在寻找人口较少的地区；从文章第十一段的第一句话可知，1980年人口普查的数据戏剧性地显示，美国人主要是到西部地区寻找宽敞的生活空间。据此可知，如今的美国人注重的是宽敞的生活空间。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.我们从能得到的统计资料可以看出________。
A.加利福尼亚曾经是全美国人口最稀少的地区
B.人口增长率排名前10位的州都位于西部地区
C.气候条件更好的城市无一例外地从移民中获得效益
D.亚利桑那州的人口增长率在所有州中排名第二
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第八、第九段。从中可知，据报道，从区域上来看，落基山脉地区各州成为人口增长最快的地方；从各州的情况来看，内华达州和亚利桑那州的人口增长速度最快——分别为63.5％和53.1％；除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州以外，人口增长率排名前十位是西部诸州。据此可知，内华达州的人口增长速度最快，亚利桑那州的人口增长速度第二。D项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.单词“demographers”（第七段第一行）最可能意为________。
A.赞成民主倾向的人 B.提倡州与州之间迁移的人
C.从事人口研究的科学家 D.坚持旧生活模式的保守主义者
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第六段的内容可知，人口普查官员说，并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带；没有间断的移民潮也起了一定的作用，往昔“生育高峰”时期出生的一代到了生育年龄，这些人生育了大批婴儿，这也起了作用；从第七段的第一句话可知，人口统计学家发现，向南部、西部地区的持续迁移伴随着一种与之相关但却更新的现象。据此可知，demographer所做的工作与人口统计有关，所以它最可能的意思应该是“研究人口问题的科学家”。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.本文最好的标题是“______”。
A.美国的人口增长 B.美国的地区性竞争
C.美国的地区性人口不平衡 D.美国人类增长率的变化
【答案】B
【解析】本文讲述的是美国的各地区之间的竞争，主要表现形式是对人口的竞争。
Text 21
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals —no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
1.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to_______.
A.call on scientists to take some actions
B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
C.warn of the doom of biomedical research
D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement
2.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_______.
A.cruel but natural B.inhuman and unacceptable
C.inevitable but vicious D.pointless and wasteful
3.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's_______.
A.discontent with animal research B.ignorance about medical science
C.indifference to epidemics D.anxiety about animal rights
4.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should_______.
A.communicate more with the public B.employ hi-tech means in research
C.feel no shame for their cause D.strive to develop new cures
5.From the passage we learn that Stephen Cooper is_______.
A.a well-known humanist B.a medical practitioner
C.an enthusiast in animal rights D.a supporter of animal research
长难例句分析
［长难例句］All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.
［结构分析］本句中，all是主语。前面由that引导的that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause是定语从句，修饰all。后面由that引导的that good people do nothing是表语从句。
［参考译文］只要好人不作为，受误导的思想就会取得成功。
全文参考译文
18世纪的政治家Edmund Burke说道：“只要好人不作为，受误导的思想就会成功。”现在有这样一种误导的情形能够解释这一名言：生物医学研究将中止。因为，有一种观点认为动物有权力拒绝当做人类的研究对象。科学家需要对动物权利的倡导者作出有力的回答，因为他们的观点正在让公众感到迷惑，阻碍了保健知识和医疗的发展。生物医学的研究占用公共资金，而很少有人了解医学研究的方法，于是动物权利运动领导人把矛头指向生物医学研究上。听说在研究中对动物很残忍，多数人就会感到困惑，以为有人故意伤害小动物。
譬如，在最近的一次街头集市上，动物权利保护协会的一位老太太正在分发小册子，鼓励读者不要使用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的食品或制品——包括肉类、药品或毛皮。如果问她是否反对免疫的接种，她想知道疫苗是否来自动物试验。当得到的答案是肯定时，她说：“那么，我会反对的。”当问到如果发生传染病怎么办时，她说：“不必要担心，科学家将会用计算机找到一些解决办法。”这样的好心人根本就明白不了其中的道理。
科学家应该用富有感情的、易于理解的方式向民众传达信息，即用通俗的语言而不是用分子生物学的语言来讲话。我们需要澄清动物研究与祖母的髋骨置换术、父亲的心脏搭桥手术、孩子的免疫接种甚至宠物的防疫注射之间的联系。对于那些不了解只有通过动物研究来才能制定出治疗方案以开发出新的方案和研究新的疫苗人来说，动物研究说得好一些是浪费，说得难听一些是残忍。
有许多事情是我们力所能及的。科学家可以“走进”中学课堂，介绍他们的研究。他们应该对编辑来信迅速回复，以免动物权利组织的错误信息没有引起质疑，从而得到真理的假象。研究机构可以对旅游者开放，以此显示供研究用的动物得到了仁慈的照料。最后，最有利害关系的是病人，研究团体不仅要接纳像Stephen Cooper——他已经勇敢地声明动物研究的价值——这样著名的人物来支持自己的事业，还要邀请所有接受过医疗的人来支持自己。如果好人不作为，有可能真会使无知的人们扑灭医学进步中珍贵的火种。
题目答案与解析
1.在文章开始时作者引用了Edmund Burke的话，目的是为了________。
A.号召科学家采取某些行动 B.批评被误导的维护动物权利运动
C.警告生物医学研究的厄运 D.表明动物权利运动的胜利
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，18世纪的政治家Edmund Burke说道：“只要好人不作为，受误导的思想就会成功。”现在有这样一种误导的情形能够解释这一名言：生物医学研究将中止。因为，有一种观点认为动物有权利拒绝当做人类的研究对象。科学家需要对动物权利的倡导者作出有力的回答，因为他们的观点正在让公众感到迷惑，阻碍了保健知识和医疗的发展。据此可知，作者引用Burke的话是希望科学家对动物权利倡导者进行反击。A项与文意相符，因此为正确答案。
2.被误导的人们常常认为，用动物来研究是________。
A.残忍但正常的 B.不人道和不可接受的
C.不可避免但不道德的 D.没有意义的，纯属浪费
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，听说在研究中对动物很残忍，许多人就会感到困惑，以为有人故意伤害小动物；从第三段的最后一句话可知，对于那些不了解只有通过动物研究才能研制出治疗方案、才能开发出新方案和新疫苗的人来说，动物研究说得好听一点是浪费，说得难听一点是残忍。据此可知，被误导的人们认为研究中使用动物是残忍的、不可接受的。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.举出老太太的例子是用来表示公众________。
A.对动物研究不满 B.不了解医疗科学
C.对流行病漠不关心 D.担心动物的权利
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，在最近的一次街头集市上，动物权利保护协会的一位老太太在分发小册子，鼓励读者不要使用任何来自于动物或在动物身上做过实验的食品或制品——包括肉类、药品或皮毛；当问及她是否反对免疫接种时，她想知道疫苗是否来自于动物实验；当确信疫苗是来自于动物实验时，她回答说，“那么，我会反对的”；当问及如果发生传染病怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会利用计算机找到某种解决办法的”；这样的好心人根本就不明白其中的道理。据此可知，老太太的例子是用来表示许多人根本不了解动物研究。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.面对来自动物权利倡导者的挑战，作者认为科学家应该________。
A.多与公众交流 B.在研究中采用高科技手段
C.不要因为他们的运动感到羞愧 D.努力研发新的治疗方法
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第二段的最后一句话可知，这样的好心人只是不了解情况；从第三段的内容可知，科学家必须用一种富于感情、易于理解的方式向民众传达信息；我们必须澄清动物研究与祖母的髋骨置换、父亲的旁道管手术、孩子的免疫接种甚至宠物的防疫注射之间的关系；对于那些不了解只有通过动物研究才能研制出治疗方案、才能开发出新方案和新疫苗的人来说，动物研究说得好听一点是浪费，说得难听一点是残忍；从第四段的内容可知，科学家可以“走进”中学课堂，介绍他们的研究；他们应尽快答复编辑的来信，以免动物权利组织的错误信息没有引起质疑，从而获得真理的假象；研究机构也应该向游客开放，以表明实验室的动物受到了人道的对待；最后，医学研究界不仅要邀请像Stephen Cooper那样的知名人士来支持自己的事业，还要邀请所有接受过医疗的人来支持自己。据此可知，作者认为科学家应该多与公众交流，让公众了解真实情况。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.我们本中可了解到Stephen Cooper是________。
A.一位著名的人道主义者 B.一名医生
C.一名动物权利的热心支持者 D.一名动物研究的支持者
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，科学家应尽快答复编辑的来信，以免动物权利组织的错误信息没有引起质疑，从而获得真理的假象；研究机构也应该向游客开放，以表明实验室的动物受到了人道的对待；最后，因为最有利害关系的是病人，所以，研究团体不仅要邀请像Stephen Cooper——他已经勇敢地声明动物研究的价值——那样的知名人士来支持自己的事业，还要邀请所有接受过医疗的人来支持自己；如果好人不作为，无知的人们真可能会扑灭医疗发展的宝贵火种。据此可知，Stephen Cooper敢于对动物研究的价值发表无所畏惧的言论，说明他支持动物研究。D项与文章意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 22
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. By the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the"emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep— or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
1.Researchers have come to believe that dreams_______.
A.can be modified in their courses B.are susceptible to emotional changes
C.reflect our innermost desires and fears D.are a random outcome of neural repairs
2.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show_______.
A.its function in our dreams B.the mechanism of REM sleep
C.the relation of dreams to emotions D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex
3.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to_______.
A.aggravate in our unconscious mind B.develop into happy dreams
C.persist till the time we fall asleep D.show up in dreams early at night
4.Cartwright seems to suggest that_______.
A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
C.dreams should be left to their natural progression
D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
5.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
A.Lead your life as usual. B.Seek professional help.
C.Exercise conscious control. D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
［结构分析］本句的主干是Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night，而progressing toward happier ones before awakening作状语，表示梦发展的过程。现在分词suggesting引导的短语是对主句内容作出的概括性说明。
［参考译文］在夜里早些时候，大多数人似乎会做更多噩梦，在睡醒前逐渐转为较愉快的梦，这表示他们正在化解在白天产生的消极情感。
全文参考译文
一夜好觉的所有因素中，梦似乎是最不好控制的因素。在梦境中，一扇窗户开启，将我们带入了这样一个世界：在那里，逻辑被置之不理，死者开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了这样的革命性理论：梦是我们潜意识愿望和恐惧的伪装的影子；到20世纪70年代末期，神经病理学家改变了想法，开始认为梦不过是“精神噪音”——睡眠期间进行的神经修复过程中产生的随机副产品。现在，研究人员怀疑，梦是大脑情感调节装置的一部分，在大脑处于“脱机”时调节情绪。一位主要的权威人士说，这些强有力的心理事件不仅可以得到利用，而且还能帮助我们获得更好的睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心的心理学主任Rosalind说：“梦是你自己的。如果你不喜欢，你就换一个。”
大脑影像的证据支持了这种观点。匹兹堡大学的Eric Nofzinger博士说，在REM（快速眼动）睡眠期间——这时会做大多数栩栩如生的梦，大脑十分活跃，正如在完全清醒时一样。但是，并非大脑的所有部分都是这样；大脑边缘系统（“情感大脑”）尤其活跃，而前额叶皮质（理智的中心）则相对平静。“无论我们从梦中醒来时是高兴还是沮丧，那些情感都可能整天伴随我们。”斯坦福大学睡眠研究员William Dement博士说。
梦与情感之间的联系在Cartwright门诊部的患者中得到体现。在夜里早些时候，大多数人似乎会做更多噩梦，在睡醒前逐渐转为较愉快的梦，这表示他们正在化解在白天产生的消极情感。因为我们的意识被日常琐事占据，所以我们并不总是考虑白天所发生事件的情感意义——似乎直到我们开始做梦。
我们不应该把这个过程看成是潜意识的。Cartwright认为，一个人可以经过练习，有意识地控制反复出现的噩梦。你一醒来就应该确定梦中有什么在困扰你。想象一下你想要如何终止这个梦；当它出现的时候，你应该尽力醒来，以便控制它的进程。实际上，经过大量的练习后，人们可以学会在梦中这样做。
晚上，可能很少有什么理由使我们关注自己的梦，除非那些梦使我们无法睡眠，或者，“我们在恐慌中惊醒”，Cartwright说。恐怖主义、经济上的不稳定以及通常的不安全感加重了人们的焦虑。那些持续遭受噩梦折磨的人应当寻求治疗专家的帮助。对其余的人来说，大脑有它自己化解恶劣情绪的办法。放心地睡觉——或者尽管去做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好一些。
题目答案与解析
1.研究人员开始认为梦________。
A.在其进程中可以改变 B.容易受到情感变化的影响
C.反映了我们内心深处的愿望和恐惧 D.是神经修复过程中的一个随机产物
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了这样的革命性理论——梦是我们潜意识欲望和恐惧的伪装阴影；到20世纪70年代末期，神经病理学家改变了想法，开始认为梦不过是睡眠期间进行的神经修复过程中产生的随机副产品；现在；研究人员怀疑，梦是大脑情感调节装置的一部分，在大脑处于“脱机”时调控情绪；一位主要的权威人士说，这些心理事件不仅可以得到利用，而且还能帮助我们获得更好的睡眠和感觉；Rosalind Cartwright说，“梦是你自己的。如果你不喜欢，你就换一个。”据此可知，研究人员认为梦可以改变。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.作者通过谈论大脑边缘系统是想揭示________。
A.其在我们梦境中的作用 B.REM睡眠的机制
C.梦与情感的关系 D.它与前额皮层的区别
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，Eric Nofzinger博士说在REM（眼睛快速运动）睡眠期间，大脑十分活跃，正如在完全清醒时一样；但是，并非大脑的所有部分都是这样；大脑边缘系统（“情感大脑”）尤其活跃，而前额叶皮质（理智的中心）则相对平静；无论我们从梦中醒来时是高兴还是沮丧，那些情感都可能整日伴随我们，William Dement博士说。据此可知，作者提到大脑边缘系统是想说明做梦与情感之间的联系。C项与作者的意图相符，因此C项为正确答案。
3.白天产生的消极情绪会趋向于________。
A.加剧我们的无意识情绪 B.演变成愉快的梦
C.一直延续，直到我们入睡时为止 D.在夜里早些时候的梦境中出现
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，梦与情感之间的联系在Cartwright门诊部的患者中得到体现；在夜里早些时候，大多数人似乎会做更多噩梦，在睡醒前逐渐转为较愉快的梦，这表示他们正在化解在白天产生的消极情感；因为我们的意识被日常琐事占据，所以我们并不总是考虑白天所发生事件的情感意义。据此可知，白天产生的消极情绪往往会在夜里早些时候的梦境中出现。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.Cartwright像是在暗示________。
A.及时醒来对于摆脱噩梦至关重要 B.使噩梦形象化有助于控制噩梦
C.梦应该被看成是自然进程 D.做梦可能不完全属于无意识行为
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后两段。从中可知，这个过程不应该被看成是潜意识的；Cartwright认为，一个人可以经过练习，有意识地控制反复出现的噩梦；你一醒来就应该确定梦中有什么在困扰你；想象一下你想要如何终止这个梦；当它出现的时候，你应该尽力醒来，以便控制它的进程；可能很少有什么理由使我们关注自己的梦，除非那些梦使我们无法睡眠，或者，“我们在恐慌中惊醒”，Cartwright说；恐怖主义、经济的不确定性以及通常的不安全感加重了人们的焦虑。据此可知，Cartwright认为人们做梦可能不完全是无意识的行为。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.Cartwright对那些有时做噩梦的人可能会提什么建议？
A.像平常一样生活。 B.寻求专业人员的援助。
C.练习控制意识。 D.避免在白天焦虑。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，可能很少有什么理由使我们关注自己的梦，除非那些梦使我们无法睡眠，或者，“我们在恐慌中惊醒”，Cartwright说；恐怖主义、经济的不确定性以及通常的不安全感加重了人们的焦虑；那些持续遭受噩梦折磨的人应当寻求治疗专家的帮助；对我们其余的人来说，大脑有它自己化解糟糕情绪的办法；放心地睡觉——或者尽管去做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好一些。据此可知，Cartwright可能认为不经常做噩梦的人没有必要担心。A项与Cartwright的观点相符。因此A项为正确答案。
Text 23
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the U.S. is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the U.S. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would, and someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the U.S., especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the U.S. are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word"friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,_______.
A.rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the U.S.
B.small minded officials deserve a serious comment
C.Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D.most Americans are ready to offer help
2.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that_______.
A.culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B.courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C.various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D.social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
3.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers_______.
A.to improve their hard life B.in view of their long distance travel
C.to add some flavor to their own daily life D.out of a charitable impulse
4.The tradition of hospitality to strangers_______.
A.tends to be superficial and artificial
B.is generally well kept up in the United States
C.is always understood properly
D.was something to do with the busy tourist trails
5.Which statement can be inferred according to the article?
A.American is not so friendly as it seems in fact.
B.There is different understanding to the cultures so it results into different feelings.
C.Because American feels lonely and dull, so they welcome newcomers to come here for travel.
D.Friendship of American is just due to long lasting cultural tradition.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture.
［结构分析］本句中，the cultural implications of the word是主句的主语，宾语是those，定语从句it has in the visitor's language and culture用来修饰those，those本身指代the cultural implications of the word。前面的关系代词when引导条件状语从句。
［参考译文］例如，美国人在使用“朋友”一词时，它的文化内涵可能与游客母语和文化中的该词的意思大相径庭。
全文参考译文
去美国访问的人一贯认为，大多数美国人对他们友好、谦恭、乐于助人。公平地讲，人们对加拿大和加拿大人也有同样的观察报告。最好应当看成这在整个北美都普遍存在。当然也有例外，在美国，心胸狭窄的官员、粗鲁的服务生以及缺乏教养的出租车司机也不少。但由于人们常得出上面的结论，那就值得议论一番了。
长时间以来，在美国很多地方，旅行者打破了当地沉闷的生活，所以受到欢迎。那时人们一般住在相距遥远的地方，沉闷、孤独是家庭普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，因为他们带来了消遣娱乐，还带来了外部世界的消息。
边境上的残酷现实也促进这一好客传统的发展。当一个人独自旅行时，如果饿了、受了伤或生了病，通常无处可去，只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是选择的问题，对当地人来说，这也并非出于一时的仁慈冲动。它反映了日常生活的残酷：如果你不接纳陌生人，并照顾他，那他再找不到别人了。请记住，某一天也许你也会面临相同的处境。
现在有很多慈善组织，专门帮助那些疲倦的旅行者。但是对陌生人友好的旧传统在美国仍很盛行，尤其是在远离热门旅游线路的小市镇。“我刚转了一圈，同这个美国人聊了聊，很快，他就邀请我到他家吃饭——不可思议。”在来美国旅行的游客中碰到过这类事的很普遍，但对此并不都能正确理解。许多美国人的随意友好态度不应看成表面应付或矫揉造作，而应视为历史发展形成的一种文化传统。
美国同任何发达国家一样，文化、信念以及习俗是社会关系的基础。当然，一个人会说一种语言并不一定意味着他明白其社会和文化模式。那些不能理解文化含义的游客很可能经常作出错误的结论。例如，当一个美国人说“朋友”时，该词的文化内涵可能与游客母语和文化中的该词的意思大相径庭。仅凭借在汽车上偶遇时说声“朋友”并不能区分这是出于礼貌，还是个人兴趣。然而，待人友好是一种美德，许多美国人都推崇并且希望无论是邻居还是陌生人都如此。
题目答案与解析
1.在外界游客的眼中，________。
A.在美国很少见到粗鲁无礼的出租车司机 B.心胸狭窄的政府官员应该受到严肃批评
C.加拿大人不如他们的邻国人友好 D.大多数美国人乐于提供帮助
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章第一段的第一句话。从中可知，到美国旅行过的游客一直传说大多数美国人对他们如何友好、有礼貌，如何乐意帮助他们。据此可知，游客认为大多数美国人对人友好。D项与文中的意思相符。
2.从最后一段可以推知________。
A.文化对社会相互关系有影响 B.谦恭的习俗和个人的爱好是相关的
C.各种美德只在朋友间的交往中体现 D.社会相互关系等同于文化习俗的复合体
【答案】A
【解析】从文章最后一段可知，文化、思维方式（文化复合体关系）决定或影响社会相互交往的方式。A项与文中的意思相符。B项之意与文章最后一段倒数第二句话的意思不符。C项与文章最后一句意思不符。D项与文章的意思明显不符。因此只有A项为正确答案。
3.居住在边境的家庭过去经常款待陌生人，________。
A.以便改善他们的艰难生活 B.是出于对他们长途旅行的考虑
C.为他们自己的日常生活增添一些情趣 D.出于一时行善的冲动
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第二段的最后一句话可知，陌生人和旅行者带来了欢乐，因而受到人们的欢迎；从文章第三段的内容可知，边境上的残酷现实也促进这一好客传统的发展；当一个人独自旅行时，如果饿了、受了伤或生了病，通常无处可去，只能向最近的小屋或村落求助；对旅行者来说，这不是选择的问题，对当地人来说，这也并非出于一时的仁慈冲动；它反映了日常生活的残酷：如果你不接纳陌生人，并照顾他，那他再找不到别人了；请记住，某一天也许你也会面临相同的处境。据此可知，在边界居住的人们之所以常常招待陌生人，是因为这样做可以为自己枯燥乏味和孤独寂寞的生活解闷。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.招待陌生人的传统________。
A.往往是表面的、虚伪的 B.在美国普遍得到很好的继承
C.总是被正确理解 D.与旅游热线有关系
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第四段的内容可知，如今，许多慈善机构专门帮助那些疲倦的旅行者；不过，款待陌生人的老传统在美国仍然盛行，在那些远离旅游热线的小城市和城镇尤其如此。B项的与文中的意思相符。A项和C项明显与文章的意思不符。D项不正确。综上所述，B项为正确答案。
5.依照本文意思，可以推论出以下那种论断？
A.美国人并不像表面上看起来那样友好。
B.因为对文化有不同的理解，所以有不同的感受。
C.因为美国人感到很孤独很无趣，所以欢迎陌生人来旅游。
D.美国人的友好只是长期文化传统使然。
【答案】B
【解析】本文作者对外国人感觉到的美国人的友善持怀疑态度。第四个选项绝对化了，因为文中讲述的是“部分美国人”。第一个选项也绝对化了。第三个选项则过于狭隘。
Text 24
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
1.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that_______.
A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
B.everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
C.advertising costs money like everything else
D.it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
2.In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
A.Securing greater fame. C.Enhancing living standards.
B.Providing more jobs. D.Reducing newspaper cost.
3.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_______.
A.very precise in passing his judgement on advertising
B.interested in nothing but the buyers' attention
C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
D.obviously partial in his views on advertising
4.In the author's opinion,_______.
A.advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing
B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
5.Advertising can be best depicted as_______.
A.distribution of information B.measure of promotion
C.a kind of production cost D.a way to persuade consumer to buy
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是I heard a well-known television personality declare...，that引导的是宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中，because it persuades rather than informs是原因状语从句。Recently是副词作状语。
［参考译文］近来，我听到一位电视名人声称，他反对广告，因为广告是在说服人而不是提供信息。
全文参考译文
把钱花在做广告上是我知道的最好的花钱方式。广告直接帮助货物以合理价格快速销售，由此建立稳定的国内市场，并使以竞争价格出口变得可能。通过把人们的注意力吸引到新观念上来，它有助于极大提高生活水平。通过促进需求的增加，它确保对劳动力的需求增加，所以它是应对失业的有效方法。它降低了许多服务的成本，没有广告，日报价格就会增加四倍，电视收视费也会翻番，乘公交车或地铁会多花20％。
最重要的也许是，广告为你所买的产品和服务提供合理的价值保证。除了27个国会法案控制着广告条款这一事实外，没有一家广告商敢于促销与广告内容不符的产品。他可能会通过令人误解的广告，暂时愚弄某些人。但他这样做的时间不会很长，因为，庆幸的是，公众有很好的判断力，他们不会第二次购买质量低下的产品。如果你看到一件物品被连续地做广告，那么这是我知道的最确信的证明，这件物品名副其实，表现出很高的价值。
广告比我所能想起的任何其他手段都更能带给人们物质利益。还有一点我觉得应该涉及一下。近来，我听到一位电视名人声称，他反对广告，因为广告是在说服人而不是提供信息。他过分挑剔了。广告的目的本来就是去说服人。
如果广告仅限于提供信息，其本身即使可能，也会很难实现，因为即使是衬衫颜色的选择这种细节也带有说服性——广告将会如此令人厌烦，以至于没有人会注意。但也许那正是那位电视名人所想要的。
题目答案与解析
1.作者在文章的第一句中指出________。
A.他对广告的费用非常了解 B.人人都知道做广告耗费金钱
C.做广告像其他事情一样需要花钱 D.花钱做广告值得
【答案】D
【解析】第一句作者指出：“花钱做广告是我知道的最好的花钱方式。”正确答案为D项。
2.根据本文，下面哪项不是广告的优点？
A.获得更大声誉。 B.提供更多的工作。 C.提高生活水平。 D.降低报纸成本。
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第一、第二段可以得出正确答案。B项与文章第一段第四句“通过促进需求的增加，它确保对劳动力的需求，因此是抵制失业的有效方法”一致。C项与第一段第三句内容一致。D项与第一段最后一句内容一致。A项在文中未涉及，因此A项正确。
3.作者认为电视名人________。
A.对广告的评价非常精确
B.只想引起购买者的注意
C.对说服和提供信息之间的区别的讲述是正确的
D.对广告的看法明显有偏见
【答案】D
【解析】依据文章最后两段。电视名人的观点在第四段第二句，他反对广告，认为，广告的目的在于劝说而不在于提供信息。第三、四句中，作者提出了自己的观点：“他过分挑剔了。广告的目的本来就是去说服人。”这表明作者不同意电视名人的观点。由此可知。D项为正确答案。
4.根据作者的观点，________。
A.广告不可能通过提供信息给人带来物质利益
B.广告给人们提供新的观念而不是争取购买者
C.广告劝购物者购物并没有错
D.购买者对从广告中获取信息不感兴趣
【答案】C
【解析】从第四段最后一句“广告的目的本来就是去说服人”和最后一段第一句可以得出答案。C项为正确答案。A项与第三段作者的观点相反。B项与作者观点明显不符。D项文章未曾提及。
5.做广告可以描述为______。
A.信息的传播 B.促销的手段
C.一种生产成本 D.说服消费者去购买的一种方式
【答案】A
【解析】本文讲到了做广告的各方面作用：促销产品、产品质量的保证、企业形象等，可以说是综合信息的传播。
Text 25
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, while they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
1.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_______.
A.its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
B.it is rewarded with money, fame and power
C.its goals are spiritual rather than material
D.it is shared by the rich and the famous
2.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_______.
A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
B.too late to check ambition once it has been let out
C.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
D.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
3.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because_______.
A.they think of it as immoral
B.their pursuits are not fame or wealth
C.ambition is not closely related to material benefits
D.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
4.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_______.
A.secretly and vigorously B.openly and enthusiastically
C.easily and momentarily D.verbally and spiritually
5.Which is the attitude of the author to the ambition?
A.Indifferent. B.Critical. C.Positive. D.Neutral.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
［结构分析］主语从句What has happened在句中充当主语成分。that引导了一个表语从句。lest引导的状语从句常用“should+动词原形”或动词原形。
［参考译文］有所改变的就是，人们不能够像过去那样轻松地、公开地表露自己的理想，以免别人说自己爱出风头、贪得无厌以及没有品味。
全文参考译文
壮志雄心若要受到重视，那它所带来的回报——财富、荣誉以及对命运的掌握——必须让人们认为为之作出牺牲是值得的。壮志雄心的传统若要散发活力，那就应当得到人们的广泛认可；尤其应得到那些受人羡慕之士的高度重视，特别是受过良好教育的人。可正是那些受过良好教育的人却奇怪地声称，他们已经不再把豪情壮志当做理想。但奇怪的是，他们已从豪情壮志中获得很大好处，如果不是自己的壮志雄心，就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这话中显然透着虚伪，如同马跑后再让大家关上马房的门一样，但那些受过良好教育的人却正骑在那些逃跑的骏马上。
情况是肯定的，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣好像并未比从前减少。避暑别墅、欧洲旅行及德国宝马汽车——它们的位置、地点和商标可能变化，但对这些东西的需求好像没比十年前或两年前减少。有所改变的就是，人们不再像过去那样轻松地、公开地坦承自己的理想，害怕别人认为自己爱出风头、贪得无厌、俗不可耐。与之相反，我们如今看到了比过去任何时候都多的虚假情况：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普敦拥有避暑别墅；激进图书的出版商到三星级宾馆吃饭；鼓吹分享民主制的新闻记者却把自己的孩子送入私立学校。对于这些的人，还有很多与之相似的其他人来说，恰当的解释是“要不惜一切代价获得成功，但避免显示出野心勃勃”。
对壮志雄心的攻击是很多的，并来自不同的角度；它的公开捍卫者虽然并非特别没有吸引力，但由于人数很少，所以并未给人们留下多深的印象。因此，人们不再像美国以前那样称赞豪情壮志是一种健康动力 ——一种应该受人羡慕并在年轻人心中扎下根来的品质。但这并不代表着豪情壮志已经走投无路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的振荡和激励作用，只是，人们不再公开地引以为豪，更不愿坦然地承认了。当然，这就导致了不良后果，其中一些就是要么豪情壮志被赶到了地下，要么埋在心底。因此，情况就成了这样：左边是气愤的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而中间通常是大多数认真而努力地在生活中追求成功的人。
题目答案与解析
1.大众普遍认为，抱负可能受到高度重视，如若________。
A.它带来的回报充分地补偿了它所作出的牺牲
B.它以金钱、名誉和权势作为回报
C.它的目标是精神上的，不是物质上的
D.它被富人和有名望者共同分享
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，如果雄心壮志要受到重视的话，那么它所带来的回报——财富、荣誉以及对自己命运的主宰——必须让人们认为为它作出牺牲是值得的；雄心壮志的传统若要激发活力，那么它就应该得到人们的广泛认可；尤其应该得到那些受人羡慕之士的高度重视，特别是应该得到那些受过教育的人们的高度重视。据此可知，要想雄心壮志受到高度重视，除非它所带来的回报值得为它作出牺牲。A项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.第一段的最后一句话最可能暗示的是________。
A.口头上摒弃抱负是受过教育者的习惯 B.一旦抱负被表露，要想抑制为时已晚
C.达到目的后否认抱负是不诚实的 D.受过教育者享受抱负带来的好处不实际
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，令人奇怪的是，正是那些受过教育的人声称，他们不再把抱负当做理想了；而他们中的大部人可能已经从抱负中获得了利益——如果不是从他们自己的抱负中获得了利益，那么就是从他们的父辈和祖父辈的抱负中获得了利益；这话中显然透着虚伪，如同马跑后才让大家去关马厩门，而受过教育者自己正骑在马上。据此可知，实现了理想后就否认自己有过抱负，显然是虚伪之举。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.一些人不公开承认他们有抱负的原因是________。
A.他们认为抱负不道德 B.他们追求的不是名誉或财富
C.抱负与物质利益没有紧密的联系 D.他们不希望显得贪婪可鄙
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，与过去相比，现在的人们对成功以及成功标志的兴趣似乎并没有减少；别墅的位置、旅游的景点以及轿车的品牌可能会改变，但是，对这类东西的需求似乎并没有减少；有所改变的就是，人们不再像过去那样轻松、公开地坦承自己的梦想，他们这样做是怕别人说自己爱出风头、贪得无厌、俗不可耐；于是，我们现在看到的虚伪现象似乎比以前任何时候都多；对于这样的人以及更多类似的其他的人来说，恰当的解释是“不惜一切代价获得成功，但避免显示出野心勃勃”。据此可知，人们虽然有抱负，但却不敢表露出来，因为他们担心受到别人的指责。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.我们从最后一段可以总结出：应该_______拥有抱负。
A.秘密、精力充沛地 B.公开、热情地 C.轻松、暂时地 D.口头、精神上地
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段，从中可知，对抱负的攻击很多，这些攻击来自于不同的角度；结果，在美国，人们不再像以前那样把抱负看成是一种健康的动力，看成是一种应该受到羡慕、应该深深地扎根于年轻人心目中的品质，因而对它的支持可能比以前少了；但这并不意味着人们没有了抱负，并不意味着人们感受不到它对人的鼓舞和启发了，只不过是人们不再公开以它为荣了，更不愿意公开表白它了；当然，由此产生了一些后果，抱负或被迫转入地下，或是被暗藏心中；于是，情况就成了这样——左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚笨的支持者，而中间，通常是大多数认真而努力地在生活中追求着成功的人们。据此可知，作者认为人们应该大胆、公开地追求自己的理想。B项的与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.作者对“雄心勃勃”的态度是什么？
A.冷静的。 B.批判的。 C.肯定的。 D.中立的。
【答案】C
【解析】作者客观描述了人们对野心的追求和态度，肯定了野心的积极作用，解释了人们反对它的根由。由此可见作者对“野心”的态度。
Text 26
Just over a year ago, I foolishly locked up my bicycle outside my office, but forgot to remove the pannier. When I returned, the pannier had been stolen. Inside it were about ten of the little red notebooks I take everywhere for jotting down ideas for articles, short stories, TV shows and the like.
When I lost my notebooks, I was devastated; all the ideas I'd had over the past two years were contained within their pages. I could remember only a few of them, but had the impression that those I couldn't recall were truly brilliant. Those little books were crammed with the plots of award-winning novels and scripts for radio comedy shows that were only two-thirds as bad as the ones on at the moment. That's not all, though. In my reminiscence, my lost notebooks contained sketches for many innovative and incredible machines. In one book there was a design for a device that could turn sea water into apple cider; in another, plan for an automatic dog; in a third, sketches for a pair of waterproof shoes with television screens built into the toes. Now all of these plans are lost to humanity.
I found my notebooks again. It turns out they weren't in the bike pannier at all, but in a bag in my spare room, where I found six months after supposedly losing them. And when I flipped through their pages, ready to run to the patent office in the morning, I discovered they were completely full of rubbish.
Discovering the notebooks really shook me up. I had firmly come to believe they were brimming with brilliant, inventive stuff — and yet clearly they weren't. I had deluded myself.
After surveying my nonsense, I found that this halo effect always attaches itself to things that seem irretrievably lost. Don't we all have a sneaking feeling that the weather was sunnier, TV shows funnier and cake-shop buns bunnier in the not-very-distant past?
All this would not matter much except that it is a powerful element in reactionary thought, this belief in a better yesterday. After all, racism often stems from a delusion that things have deteriorated since"they" came. What a boon to society it would be if people could visit the past and see that it wasn't the paradise they imagine but simply the present with different hats. Sadly, time travel is impossible. Until now, that is. Because I've suddenly remembered I left a leather jacket in an Indonesian restaurant a couples of years ago, and I'm absolutely certain that in the inside pocket there was a sketch I'd made...
1.By "only two-thirds as bad as the ones on at the moment" the author means_______.
A.better than B.as bad as C.worse than D.as good as
2.As soon as the author read the lost notebooks, he_______.
A.reported the fact B.found it valueless
C.registered the inventions D.was very excited
3.Which of the following would the author most probably agree with?
A.Yesterday is better. B.Yesterday is no better than today.
C.Self-delusion sometimes is necessary. D.Things today have deteriorated.
4.What's the author's initial reaction when he found his notebooks lost?
A.He was indifferent. B.He was worried.
C.He was pleased. D.He was excited.
5."Halo effect" (Line 1, Para. 5) here refers to_______.
A.illusion B.delusion C.disillusion D.allusion
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Inside it were about ten of the little red notebook I take everywhere for jotting down ideas for articles，short stories，TV shows and the like.
［结构分析］本句是一个完全倒装句。句子的主语是about...the like，系动词是were，表语是inside it。在主语中还有一个定语从句I take everywhere for...the like，是notebook的后置定语。
［参考译文］大约十几本我随身携带的红色小笔记本在挂篮中，是用来记录我对文章、短故事、电视秀等产生的想法的。
［长难例句］Those little books were crammed with the plots of award-winning novels and scripts for radio comedy shows that were only two-thirds as bad as the ones on at the moment.
［结构分析］本句中，that...moment是修饰radio comedy的定语从句。
［参考译文］这些小本子里写满了许多得奖小说的情节和比当时正在上演的那些要稍好一点的广播喜剧剧本。
［长难例句］What a boon to society it would be if people could visit the past and see that it wasn't the paradise they imagine but simply the present with different hats.
［结构分析］本句是一个感叹句。主干是What a boon to society it would be...。if引导是条件状语从句，这个条件状语中用的是虚拟语气，表示和现实情况相反。
［参考译文］如果人们可以拜访过去，看看过去并不是他们想象中的天堂，而仅仅是戴着不同帽子的现实，那对社会来说是一个多大的恩惠啊。
全文参考译文
就在一年多以前，我做了件蠢事，把自行车锁在办公室外面，而忘了拿下挂篮。当我回来时挂篮已经被偷了。大约十几本我随身携带的红色小笔记本在挂篮中，是用来记录我对文章、短故事、电视秀等的想法的。
当丢失笔记本时我一下子蒙了。我两年以来所拥有的想法都包含在笔记本中。我只能记起很少的一点，但是我却认为那些不能回忆起来的东西才是真正的闪光点。这些小本子里写满了许多得奖小说的情节和比当时正在上演的那些要稍好一点的广播喜剧剧本。这还不算完，在我的回忆中，我丢失的笔记本中包括了许多创新的、令人难以置信的机器草图。在一个本子中，有一个可以将海水变成苹果酒的机器设计，在另一个本子里是自动狗的计划，第三个里有一张脚趾头上嵌入电视机屏幕的防水鞋的草图。现在，所有的这些计划都丢失在茫茫人海之中了。
我再一次找到了我的笔记本。好像是它们根本没有在自行车篮里，而是在我休息室的小背包里，在我认为丢了6个月后我从那里找到了它。并且当我翻看笔记本准备一大早就上专利局去时，我发现他们完全是一堆垃圾。
发现笔记本让我清醒了。我曾坚信它们是充满智慧的、创造性的素材，但是很显然不是。我感到迷惑。
看完我的废话之后，我发现这种光圈效应总是伴随着一些看起来不能挽回的丢失的东西而出现。我们内心是不是都有一种感觉——没多久以前，天气更好，电视秀更有趣，蛋糕店的圆面包更圆？
相信过去更好除了在复古思想中是一种强大因素外，在其他方面都不要紧。毕竟，种族主义经常孳生于一种错觉，即自从“他们”来了以后，所有的事情都变糟了。如果人们可以拜访过去，看看过去并不是他们想象中的天堂，而仅仅是戴着不同帽子的现实，那对社会来说是一个多大的恩惠啊。不幸的是，时间旅行是不可能的。至少到现在为止是不可能的。因为我猛然记起来几年前我曾经把一件皮夹克丢在了印度尼西亚的饭店里，而且我完全肯定在里面的口袋里有一幅我画的草图……
题目答案与解析
1.作者用“only two-thirds as bad as the ones on at the moment”这句话的意思是________。
A.更好 B.一样糟糕 C.更糟糕 D.一样好
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，作者在丢失了笔记本之后感到非常可惜，而且认为自己丢失的都是精华，所以题干前面提到的笔记本里记载的广播剧剧本应该是比现在上演的要好，而且题干直译的话就是：只是正在上演的那些剧目的糟糕程度的2/3，也就是说过去记载的要稍好一点。因此A项为正确答案。
2.作者一阅读失而复得的笔记本就________。
A.公布了事实 B.发现它没有价值
C.注册了发明 D.非常兴奋
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是第四段的最后一句话when I flipped through their pages, ready to run to the patent office in the morning, I discovered they were completely full of rubbish。从中可知B项为正确答案。
3.作者最有可能赞同下面的哪种说法？
A.昨天更好。 B.昨天不比今天好。
C.自己产生的错觉有时是必要的。 D.现在的情况已经恶化了。
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后四段。作者对于自己在丢失笔记本后和重新找到后，出现的思想变化进行了分析，从作者的分析中我们可以看出，他已经意识到人类对过去的，丢失的东西特别珍爱，而且与现有的东西比，人们总认为过去的和失去的更好，那么从文章的倒数第三段的第一句话：相信过去更好，除了在复古思想中是一种强大因素外，在其他方面都不要紧。从中可知作者并不赞同这一观点，因此B项为正确答案。
4.当作者发现自己的笔记本不翼而飞了，他的第一反应会是什么？
A.漠不关心。 B.很担忧。 C.很高兴。 D.非常兴奋。
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，作者在丢失了笔记本之后心情很糟糕。因此B项是正确的。A、C、D三项显然不对。
5.这里的“光圈效应”（第五段第一行）是指______。
A.幻觉 B.错觉 C.醒悟 D.暗示
【答案】B
【解析】本文讲述了人们对自己认识方面的误区。很多时候人们执著于过去，过段时间后随着人们的进步与发展，会逐渐否定过去。这里的光圈效应就是指人们对自己的整体上的错觉。
Text 27
The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there "to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach — distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders — might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers "with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities," she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. "We will go back and correct it and then move forward," said Mayor Richard Daley.
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes — prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. "The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings," says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior — such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage — in defined geographical areas. "It works instantly," says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. "A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before."
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe: "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet."
1.What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father?
A.How the antiloitering law works? B.How to maintain charming image?
C.How tough the crime polices were? D.Why Chicago's sweeping statute stroke down?
2.What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?
A.Chicago's antiloitering law shouldn't be struck down.
B.The cop was entitled to send the gangs away.
C.Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law.
D.Antiloitering Law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority.
3.The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that_______.
A.the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials
B.the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street
C.California successfully starts the battle against the gangs
D.the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before
4.What does the author mean by "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet" (Last line, Para. 5)?
A.The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run.
B.The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment.
C.A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to.
D.A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet.
5.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Chicago's sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests.
B.Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies.
C.It was not safe for children to play on the street.
D.California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.
［结构分析］along with the League of Cities and 31 states在句子中作伴随状语，其中that引导的定语从句修饰the League of Cities and 31 states；主句中where引导的从句修饰state。
［参考译文］只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州，去看看那个州——加州——的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪集团闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。
全文参考译文
正如芝加哥法官John Paul Stevens所描述的那样，这种景象是非常吸引人的。一个犯罪团伙成员和他的父亲在里格利球场附近闲荡，他们在那儿“是想抢劫一个毫无戒心的球迷呢，还是只为了目睹一下正在离场的塞米索萨棒球队的风采呢？”警官不得而知，但是根据芝加哥反犯罪团伙法，警察必须命令他们散开。鉴于Stevens法官的书面要求以6比3的多数通过，上个星期最高法院废除了芝加哥的肃清法令。这项法令在三年的实施时间里，引发了4.2万起逮捕案。
这一决定对于那些主张严厉惩治犯罪的人来说，无疑是当头一棒。但是根据一种相当著名且普遍赞同的观点，法官Sandra Day O'Connor认为，采取一种不太严厉的做法——把犯罪团伙成员与无辜的旁观者加以区分的方法——可能更符合宪法的规定。她这样写道，议案中使用的新的措辞可能会把那些“除了控制可识别区域、恐吓他人不得进入该区域或隐瞒非法活动外没有其他明确目的”的闲荡者作为目标。芝加哥官员发誓要起草一项新措施。Richard Daley市长说：“我们要回过头去对其进行纠正，然后再继续往前走。”
只要芝加哥官员以及那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州，去看看那个州——加州——的情况就可以处理好他们的问题。加州的反犯罪团伙闲荡起诉案已经受住了宪法的挑战。这个州已将两部禁止闲荡的法律编辑成册，该法律主要针对那些意欲卖淫和贩毒等特种罪行的人。另外，当地一些检察官正创新性地应用公共妨害法向犯罪团伙宣战。
在洛杉矶和圣何塞这样的城市，检察官已要求对那些被怀疑有团伙犯罪行为的犯罪团伙成员实行禁令。洛杉矶检察官Martin Vranicar说：“大街上巡逻的警察熟悉犯罪团伙的成员，并为漫长的法庭审讯收集物证。”如果证据能足以使法官信服，就会颁布禁令，在特定区域里禁止某些特定的行为——比如携带手机或寻呼机或阻碍行人通道。曾在加利福尼亚最高法庭上成功为泰迪公司（The Tactic）进行辩护的圣何塞市律师Joan Gallo说：“这马上就奏效了。禁止令颁布几天之后，孩子们就开始在他们以前未去过的大街上玩耍了。”
据估计，洛杉矶15万个犯罪团伙成员中，至今只有几百人被定为目标对象。但是专家们表示，上周的决定为实施更为严厉的措施确立了范围。哈佛大学法律教授Laurence Tribe说：“这只是意味，他们必须用手术刀而不是用无形的槌棒来解决这一问题了。”
题目答案与解析
1.作者引用一个犯罪团伙成员和他的父亲的例子，想说明什么？
A.禁止闲荡法令是如何运作的？ B.怎样保持迷人的形象？
C.犯罪政策非常强硬？ D.为什么芝加哥的肃清法被废除？
【答案】A
【解析】属推理判断题。文中对应信息but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse，从第一段我们可以看出作者在介绍芝加哥的“禁止闲荡法令”是如何运作及被解除的。
2.从前两段，我们可以推导出什么？
A.芝加哥的禁止闲荡法令不应被废除。
B.警察有权力驱散黑帮。
C.芝加哥官员接受了废除法律的结果。
D.对于大多数人来说，芝加哥的禁止闲荡法太严厉了。
【答案】D
【解析】属推理判断题。第一段和第二段主要介绍芝加哥解除了“禁止闲荡法令”。从第一段which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement，我们可以看出这一法令是非常严厉的；从第二段But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach — distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders — might pass constitutional muster我们可以看出，一项较宽松的法令即将出台。从这些地方我们可作出判断。
3.从第三段和第四段可以推断出________。
A.城市联盟和31个州应该和芝加哥官员一起合作
B.禁令使一些城市的街道重新变得安全起来
C.加利福尼亚成功地开启了打击街头团伙的战斗
D.警察应该比以前更负责任
【答案】C
【解析】属推理判断题。第三段和第四段主要介绍了加利福尼亚州是如何与街头团伙行为作斗争的。
4.作者说“这只是意味，他们必须用手术刀而不是用无形的槌棒来解决这一问题了”（第五段最后一行），这句话是什么意思？
A.从长期来看，应该对犯罪团伙采取越来越强硬的态度。
B.对待目标犯罪团伙的态度应该比其他犯罪团伙的要强硬。
C.手术刀可以切除社会的肿瘤，但是无形的槌棒却做不到。
D.手术刀比无形的槌棒更有力。
【答案】B
【解析】属推理判断题。这篇文章中存在对比：芝加哥的肃清法令sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement，重在大范围的打击；加利福尼亚州only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone，重在小范围的清除。
5.从本文内容看，下面哪个选项是正确的？
A.芝加哥的肃清法被废除是因为根据该法令逮捕的人太多了。
B.芝加哥官员仍然坚持强硬打击犯罪的政策。
C.孩子在街上玩耍不安全。
D.加利福尼亚使用手术刀，而其他州却使用无形的槌棒来打击罪犯团伙。
【答案】D
【解析】属推理判断题。分析同第四题。
Text 28
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be not trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
1.The word "it" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to_______.
A.the lack of stable communities
B.the breakdown of informal information channels
C.the increased mobility of families
D.the growing number of people moving from place to place
2.The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that_______.
A.they have to learn new things consciously
B.they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
C.they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
D.they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
3.From the passage we can infer that_______.
A.electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
B.it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
C.people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
D.events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
4.We can learn from the last paragraph that_______.
A.it is necessary to obtain as much as possible
B.people should make the best use of the information
C.we should realize the importance of accumulating information
D.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
5.Many factors expel people to learn more EXCEPT_______.
A.changing society makes the life's problems difficult to solve
B.people migrate too much so the old information is cut off
C.technology develops too much and information amount more than before
D.greatly important information is changing
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies。which引导的是定语从句，在这个定语从句中用了比较级。
［参考译文］伴随着信息量的大量增加，各种技术发展开来。这些技术的发展使人们可以更快地储存更多的信息，更快地传递到更多的地方去，这在以前是不可能的。
全文参考译文
在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会中，从前满足信息需求的简单方法变得复杂了。许多过去可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或同事就能解决的生活难题，现在却超出了这个大家庭的能力范围。去哪儿寻求专家信息，以及如何确定哪些专家的建议应该接受，成了今天许多人应面对的问题。
此外，二战以来，人口流动更加频繁。随着家庭搬出他们多年居住的稳定的社区，离开了多年的朋友，脱离了大家庭的关系，这种日常的信息交流被切断了，随之，需要时就可以获得可靠信息的信心也不复存在了。生活中最简单方面的无意识的信息交流也被切断。所以，过去大家庭通过随意交流就能学到的东西现在必须有意识地去学。
除了当今的社会变化之外，信息量剧增也是一个问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何一代人都多，然而，找到一条与自己的问题相关的信息是既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当有难度。
伴随着信息量的大量增加，各种技术发展开来。这些技术的发展使人们可以更快地储存更多的信息，更快地传递到更多的地方去，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使得把大量的信息储存在机读文件中变得可能，人们通过计算机编程定位特定信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电传送信息，不久电子邮件会经常给人们送来大量信息。卫星拓展了通信能力，可以对事件进行实时报道。专业知识可以通过电话会议在全球范围内共享。参加会议者不必离开家、工作岗位去遥远的会场，就可以解决有争议的问题。技术使信息的共享、储存和传递更加便利，因此，使更多的人得到更多的信息。
在这个复杂多变的世界里，对信息的需求最为重要。那些能够利用准确、可靠、最新的信息解决日常问题、企业的关键问题及社会与家庭生活问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”很可能是再正确不过的谚语，对信息的获取也许是所有人最重要的需求了。
题目答案与解析
1.单词“it”（第二段第三行）最可能指的是________。
A.社区缺乏稳定 B.日常的信息交流被切断了
C.家庭的流动性增强 D.人口流动更加频繁
【答案】B
【解析】从文中“随着家庭搬出他们多年居住的稳定的社区，离开了多年的朋友，脱离了大家庭的关系，日常的信息交流被切断了，随之，需要时就可以获得可靠信息的信心也不复存在”可知，it指的是“日常的信息交流被切断了”。
2.今天人们可能遭遇的主要问题来自于________。
A.他们得自觉学习新的事务 B.他们对获得可靠的和可信的信息缺乏信心
C.他们很难轻易得到所需的信息 D.他们几乎无法与大家庭随意交流
【答案】C
【解析】从第三段第二句“今天，个人可获得的信息比任何一代人都多，然而，找到一条与自己的问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当有难度”可知，C项为正确答案。
3.根据本文我们可以推知________。
A.电子邮件不久可以在传递信息中起主导作用
B.对人们来说，在信息时代保密将变得更加困难
C.人们将花很少的时间来开会
D.现场事件将主要通过卫星报道
【答案】A
【解析】从第四段第三句“计算机技术使人们能把大量的信息储存在机读文件中，人们通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电发送信息，不久电子邮件会不断地给人们送来大量信息”可知，A项为正确答案。
4.从最后一段我们可知________。
A.获取尽量多的信息是必要的 B.人们应充分利用信息
C.我们应该意识到积累信息的必要性 D.有效地获取所需信息是非常重要的
【答案】D
【解析】从第四段第三句可知答案。最后一段第一句指出“在这个复杂多变的世界里，对信息的需求最为重要”，第二句进行了具体说明“那些利用准确、可靠、最新的信息解决日常问题、企业的关键问题及社会与家庭生活问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功”。D项总结了最后一段的内容。
5.诸多因素迫使人们去多学习，除了______。
A.变化着的社会使得生活中的问题很难解决 B.人们迁移太多，旧的信息被切断
C.技术发展太快，信息也比以前多很多 D.极其重要的信息在变化着
【答案】D
【解析】本文讲述了时代的变化导致人们要去加强学习。原因在各段有分别的描述：社会结构变化，家庭结构变化，信息量剧增，技术发展等。选项D是一个错误的理解。
Text 29
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
1.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is_______.
A.far-reaching B.dubiously oriented
C.self-contradictory D.radically reformatory
2.The belief that education is indispensable to all children_______.
A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
B.came into being along with the arrival of computers
C.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates
D.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
3.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is_______.
A.dependent upon the starting age of candidates
B.worth trying in various social sections
C.of little practical value
D.attractive to every kind of professional
4.According to the author, basic computer skills should be_______.
A.included as an auxiliary course in school
B.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
C.mastered through a lifelong course
D.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
5.Which kind of occupation is excluded by basic education?
A.Scientists. B.Businessman. C.Accountant. D.Engineer.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction— which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是very few writers have explored this distinction。which引导了一个定语从句。在这个定语从句中，what引导的名词性从句作介词of的宾语。
［参考译文］但很少有人撰稿指明这一区别——或者更准确地说是矛盾，但是这一问题刚好是主张计算机课堂教学这一运动的症结所在。
全文参考译文
对于计算机课堂教学的看法存在着一条无形的界限：一部分人说此举能增加学生的就业前景，另一部分则希望此举达到从本质上改革教育的目的。但很少有人撰稿指明这一区别——或者更准确地说是矛盾，但是这一问题刚好是主张计算机课堂教学这一运动的症结所在。
以使学生获得某种工作为目的的教育，是职业教育。设立这种教育的目的和法律规定的人人都要受教育的目的相比截然不同。法律要求所有孩子在二十几岁前接受教育的目的并不只是简单地为了增加他们的就业希望。但是，我们对一个美国公民的素质有一种固定的理解，认为如果他不能充分地评价外在因素对其生活和幸福的作用，那他的性格是有缺陷的。但是，情况并不总是这样，在法律规定所有孩子必须在校学习到某个年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些孩子本性上是不适合接受这种教育的。伴着乐观主义的观念深入到所有工业化国家，人们开始接受每个人都适合受教育的观念。但主张计算机教育的人放弃了这种乐观主义认识，取而代之的是一种悲观的态度，这种态度偏离了他们本来应含有的乐观的观念。一方面是主张为普通教育而设立计算机课堂教学，另一方面则是主张以职业为目的，因为对以上两种目的的含混不清，计算机教育倡导者往往只侧重计算机对就业前景的影响而忽视其教育成就。
对适合的学生进行职业教育也有一些不错的论据。为了确保孩子们具备欲从事的职业所需要的技能，许多欧洲学校很早就引进了职业教育这一理念。情况是如此，但如果因而就坚持认为只有这么多的工作在等着同样多的科学家、商人和会计师来做，就未免太自以为是了。况且，职业教育也不可能培养出像我们这样一个经济发展遍及许多地区，与此同时亦有很多跨国公司的大国中的每一种行业所需要的足够多的专业人才。
但是，相对于为数不多的学生来说，职业培训可能是最好的方法，因为如果其他因素一样，熟练的技能而不是课程是他们最终是否能找到工作的关键性因素。当然，现阶段我们所使用的任何计算机的基本技能都很简单，学会使用各种软件不用花费毕生的时间。当然，如果你想成为计算机工程师。那又完全是另一回事。掌握计算基本技能最多只需要一两个月。无论如何，计算机基本技能只能是要成为任何一种专业人才所必需的各种职业技能的填充。当然，必须清楚，无论是普通学校还是职业学校，认清其目的，都会从中获益。
题目答案与解析
1.作者认为，现在急着将计算机引入课堂的做法________。
A.意义深远 B.目的可疑 C.自相矛盾 D.具有彻底的革命性
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，有关计算机在课堂上的应用存在一条无形的界线——有人争论说，在课堂上应用计算机是出于对学生就业前途的考虑；另一些人则争论说，在课堂上应用计算机更为明显的原因是出于实行彻底的教育改革的考虑；从第二段的内容可知，工业化国家的乐观主义特性使我们开始接受这样的观念——每个人都适合接受教育；计算机教育的倡导者为了悲观主义观念而放弃了这种乐观的观念；由于对计算机被引进学校是出于教育目的还是职业目的的含混不清，计算机教育倡导者常常强调毕业生的工作前景而不是他们在教育方面的成就；从文章第三段的内容可知，对适合的学生进行技术教育有一些恰当的理由；不过，坚持认为只有那么多的工作给予那么多的科学家、商人和会计就太自以为是了；从文章最后一段的内容可知，对于少部分学生来说，专业培训可能是可行的方法；目前使用任何计算机的基本要素都非常简单，不用花一生的时间去学会各种各样的软件程序；无论如何，计算机基本技能只不过是对许多真正技能的一种补充；我们应当看到，如果混淆了学校的目的，任何学校，无论是不是职业学校，都不会有好结果。据此可知，作者认为将计算机引入课堂到底出于什么目的还不得而知，这种做法令人迷惑不解。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.这种“对所有孩子来说，教育是不可缺少的”的观点________。
A.表明了伪装下的悲观主义 B.随着计算机的到来而产生
C.深深扎根于计算机教育倡导者的思想中 D.起源于工业化国家的乐观态度
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，旨在帮助学生找到某种工作的教育是技术教育，这种教育被证明是正确的，其原因与法律为什么要求普及教育的原因完全不同；法律要求，所有的孩子必须上学到十几岁，这并不只是为了增加每个人的就业希望；相反，我们对美国国民的认识是：如果他们不能适当地评估他们的生计与幸福如何受超出其能力范围的事物的影响，那么他们就不完美；但是，情况并非总是这样；在法律规定所有的孩子必须上学到一定的年龄之前，人们普遍认为——有些孩子生来就不适合追求这种教育；工业化国家的乐观主义特性使我们开始接受这样的观念——每个人都适合接受教育；计算机教育的倡导者为了悲观主义观念而放弃了这种乐观的观念——这种悲观主义的观念背离了他们其他方面的乐观观念。据此可知，“对所有孩子来说，教育是不可缺少的”这种观点是受工业化国家乐观主义特性的影响。D项与文意相符，因此为正确答案。
3.从本篇文章可以推知，在作者所在的国家，专业培训的欧洲模式________。
A.取决于投考者开始接受培训的年龄 B.值得在社会各阶层尝试
C.几乎没有实用价值 D.对各种专业人员来说都有吸引力
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，为了保证学生真正为从事他们希望的职业做好准备，许多欧洲学校很早以前就提出了专业培训的观念；不过，坚持认为只有那么多的工作给予那么多的科学家、商人和会计就太自以为是了；况且，在一个像我们这样地域广阔、经济发展遍及如此多的国家、涉及如此多的跨国公司的国家里，不可能培养出所需的各种专业人才。据此可知，作者认为，欧洲的专业培训模式在美国没有实用价值。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.依照作者的观点，基本的计算机技能应________。
A.被看成是学校的一门辅助课程
B.在获得专业素质的过程中得到强化
C.花毕生的时间掌握
D.受到任何学校的同等强调，无论是职业学校还是其他学校
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，无论如何，计算机基本技能只不过是对许多真正技能的一种补充，而那些真正技能是成为任何一类专业人员所必需的；当然，我们应当看到，如果混淆了学校的目的，任何学校，无论是不是职业学校，都不会有好结果。据此可知，作者认为基本的计算机技能只能是人们所需真正技能的一种补充。A项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.下面的什么职业不属于基础教育？
A.科学家。 B.商人。 C.会计师。 D.工程师。
【答案】D
【解析】第三段的后半部分讲述了人们的误解，但是也暗示了基础教育和职业教育在职业方面的分类。
Text 30
When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get a good score on a certain kind of test, or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a style of life, a life, a way of behaving in various situations. The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don't know what to do.
The intelligent person, young or old, meeting a new situation or problem, opens himself up to it. He tries to take in with mind and senses everything he can about it. He thinks about it, instead of about himself or what it might cause to happen to him. He grapples with it boldly, imaginatively, resourcefully, and if not confidently, at least hopefully; if he fails to master it, he looks without fear or shame at his mistakes and learns what he can from them. This is intelligence. Clearly its roots lie in a certain feeling about life, and one's self with respect to life. Just as clearly, unintelligence is not what most psychologists seem to suppose, the same thing as intelligence, only less of it. It is an entirely different style of behavior, arising out of entirely different set of attitudes.
Years of watching and comparing bright children with the not-bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. The bright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it, embrace it, unite himself with it. There is no wall, no barrier, between himself and life. On the other hand, the dull child is far less curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, more inclined to live in a world of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment, to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way to skin a cat. If he can't do something one way, he'll try another. The dull child is usually afraid to try at all. It takes a great deal of urging to get him to try even once; if that try fails, he is through.
Nobody starts off stupid. Hardly an adult in a thousand, or ten thousand could in any three years of his life learn as much, grow as much in his understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows in his first three years. But what happens, as we grow older, to this extraordinary capacity for learning and intellectual growth? What happens is that it is destroyed, and more than by any other one thing, it is destroyed by the process that we misname education — a process that goes on in most homes and schools.
1.The writer believes that intelligence is_______.
A.doing well in school B.doing well on some examinations
C.a certain type of behavior D.good scores on tests
2.The writer believes that "unintelligence" is_______.
A.similar to intelligence B.less than intelligence
C.the common belief of most psychologists D.a particular way of looking at the world
3.Why does the writer say that education is misnamed?
A.Because it takes place more in homes than in school.
B.Because it discourages intellectual growth.
C.Because it helps dull children with their problems.
D.Because it helps children understand the world around them.
4.In the paragraphs which follow the above passage, the writer probably discusses_______.
A.how education destroys the development of intelligence
B.how bright children differ from dull children
C.how intelligence is inherited
D.how the child's intellectual capacity grows at home and school
5.Which can be inferred from the passage?
A.The unintelligent child is always incurious to the outer world and fears to try.
B.The intelligent child must be more aggressive than unintelligent ones.
C.The differences of intelligence are due to the bad education.
D.The intelligence is result of late education.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get a good score on a certain kind of test, or even the ability to do well in school.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是When..., we do not mean the ability... or the ability...。when引导的是时间状语从句，主句中谓语动词mean的宾语是由两个并列的成分构成的，它们是the ability to... test和or以后的部分。
［参考译文］当我们谈到智慧的时候，我们的意思不是在某种考试中取得高分的能力，也不是指学习好的能力。
［长难例句］The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don't know what to do.
［结构分析］本句是主系表结构，The true test of intelligence是主语，系动词是is，后面是两个由how引导的并列的表语从句。在第二个从句中，when引导的是时间状语从句，疑问代词what引导的不定式是know的宾语。
［参考译文］真正的智力测验不是测试我们知道怎样去做，而是测试当我们不知道做什么的时候应当怎样做。
［长难例句］Years of watching and comparing bright children with the not-bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Years of watching and comparing... have shown...。介宾短语of加动名词watching和comparing... 构成了years后面的定语部分，谓语动词show的宾语是一个that从句。
［参考译文］对聪明的孩子和不聪明或不太聪明的孩子多年来的比较和观察显示，他们是截然不同类型的人。
全文参考译文
当我们谈到智慧的时候，我们的意思不是在某种考试中取得高分的能力，也不是指学习好的能力。我们所谈的智慧指的是一种生活风格，一种生活，一种在各种情况下的行为方式。真正的智力测验不是测试我们知道怎样去做，而是测试当我们不知道做什么的时候应当怎样做。
不论年老年少，有才智的人遇到新的情况或问题时，都会豁达地面对。他努力用心和感觉尽可能地掌握所有细节。他考虑问题，而不是他自己或是这将给他带来什么后果。他大胆地、富有想象力地、机智地，而且即使算不上信心十足，至少也是充满希望地去解决问题；假如他无法圆满解决，对自己的错误他并不害怕或是感到惭愧，而是尽量从中吸取教训，这就是智慧。很明显，它扎根于一种对生活的感情和自身对生活的尊重。同样，愚蠢并不是大多数心理学家认为的只是缺乏智慧。它是一种完全不同的行为风格，源自截然不同的一类态度。
对聪明的孩子和不聪明或不太聪明的孩子多年来的比较和观察显示，他们是截然不同类型的人。聪明的孩子对生活和现实充满好奇，渴望与之接触，并融入进去。他和生活之间没有任何障碍。另一方面，迟钝的孩子对周围发生的事情和现实情况不怎么好奇和感兴趣。他们更愿意生活在幻想的世界。聪明的孩子喜欢做试验，对事物进行验证。他的生活格言就是给猫剥皮的方法不止有一种。如果他不能用一种方法做某件事，他会尝试另一种。迟钝的孩子通常害怕尝试。甚至让他试一次都需要不停地敦促；如果这次尝试失败了，他就不干了。
没有人从一开始就是愚蠢的。一千个或是一万个成人当中，难有一个在他生命里的任意三年里能够在对周围世界的领悟过程中和每个婴儿最初三年学到的东西和成长的速度一样多，一样快。随着我们长大，这种非凡的学习能力和智慧增长到底发生了什么改变呢？那就是它遭到了破坏，它是被我们误称为教育的过程——一个在大多数家庭和学校进行的过程中被破坏的，这要比任何其他的事物的破坏严重得多。
题目答案与解析
1.作者认为“智慧”是________。
A.在学校成为好学生 B.测试成绩优秀
C.一种行为 D.考了高分
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的第二句话“By intelligence we mean a style of life, a life, a way of behaving in various situations”，从中可知C项为正确答案。
2.作者认为“愚蠢”是________。
A.和聪明类似 B.不如聪明
C.心理学家的普遍信条 D.一种观察世界的特殊方式
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是第二段的最后两句“Just as clearly, unintelligence is not what most psychologists seem to suppose, the same thing as intelligence, only less of it. It is an entirely different style of behavior, arising out of entirely different set of attitudes.”从中可以推知D项为正确答案。
3.作者说教育名不副实的原因是什么？
A.因为它在家里发生的次数比学校多。 B.因为它阻碍了智力的成长。
C.因为它对迟钝孩子有益。 D.因为它帮助孩子们理解周围世界。
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从最后两句话可知，作者认为，人们学习和智力增长的能力被“教育”破坏了。因此B项为正确答案。
4.作者在文章的下一段中最可能讨论的是________。
A.教育如何摧毁智力的发展 B.聪明的孩子和迟钝的孩子有何区别
C.智力如何遗传 D.孩子的智力才能在家里和学校如何增长
【答案】A
【解析】从文章最后一段的内容可知，后面几段会讲述教育怎样破坏智力的发展。因此A项为正确答案。
5.从文中可以得出什么推论？
A.不聪明的孩子总是对外界缺乏好奇心、害怕尝试。
B.聪明的孩子一定比不聪明的孩子富于进取心。
C.智力上的差别来自糟糕的教育。
D.智力是后天教育的结果。
【答案】C
【解析】本文的意思是智商上的差别不仅仅是分数问题而是对生活对世界的态度问题。因此，智商上的差别很大，而且根源于孩童时期。但是没有人天生就愚笨。作者把这个原因归因于死板的教育。A和B选项比较极端，D选项是主管想象，文中没有提及。