第一部分 基础阅读训练30篇
Text 1
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Ten Tips for Saving Money in College
College can be an expensive endeavor, even with scholarships and other kinds of financial aid. It's difficult enough balancing a class schedule—the thought of balancing a check book, on the other hand, can strike fear into the hearts of even the most studious mathematicians. Everything from textbooks, food, transportation, supplies and entertainment—these will all cost you money. There's no getting around it. However, there are easy ways to save. Here are several ways to avoid the constant panic of going broke:
Buy Textbooks from Used Bookstores
New textbooks from university bookstores can be very expensive. Brand new editions of chemistry books, for instance, can cost as much as $300, and that's not including any lab material. However, you can cut costs on reading materials and not starve. Look around for used bookstores. Most college campuses should have several－the prices are heavily discounted, and book conditions are usually good. If you have enough time before classes start, check out the Internet for your books. Even with shipping charges, prices can turn out to be cheaper from online bookstores. And don't forget－some of your friends might have taken a course in the past. Ask around and see if you can borrow from someone.
Seek Alternative Transportation
Instead of driving to class and spending money on gas, parking passes and possible tickets, look into a local bus or subway system. If the system is run by your university, you'll probably be able to ride for free with a student ID.If a transportation system doesn't exist (or the existing one isn't safe or reliable), try to work out class schedules with friends and carpool. If you're close enough, walk or bike to class and get some much-needed exercise.
Choose the Right Meal Plan
Campus meal plans vary depending on the university—food quality, how often you eat, how much you eat, and location are all factors. A meal plan can be a good deal, however, so do a little research and see if it's worth it. Grab a brochure; ask meal plan veterans; anything to get a little taste. Some universities offer off-campus meal plans, too. These usually involve deals with food chains, so make sure the plan is appealing to you. If you decide to skip out on a meal plan, it's possible to eat enough and eat healthy on your own budget. Cut out coupons, buy in bulk and sign up for a shopper's discount card. Be creative and plan dinners with roommates and friends instead of going to more expensive restaurants.
Set Up a Student Checking Account
Banks usually cater to college students by offering free checking and savings accounts, allowing you to avoid fees on withdrawal（取款）, fund transfers or the minimum amount allowed in the account. Make sure online banking is an option, as this makes it easier to follow your activity. Keep track of your account—over-drafting（透支）will only cost you more in fees. So, do what it takes to stay out of the red as much as possible.
Get Organized
It might seem like a hassle, but saving receipts of everything you purchase—from small items such as a candy bar or a CD, to big-ticket items like a new computer—is a great way to monitor your spending habits. Try it out for a month. When your thirty days are up, add up all of your expenses and see where your money went. You'd be surprised at how easy it is to cut back on unnecessary spending.
Be Creative with Your Leisure Time
Everyone needs to unwind after studying, and college campuses typically offer all sorts of opportunities-movie theaters, bars, cafes, arts centres, parks, downtown shopping centres, et cetera. Ask if any of these places offer student discounts. You can also think of alternative ways to have a good time. If you make the right choices and use a bit of creativity, you can have fun and save money at the same time. Plan a picnic in the park; make dinner for a date instead of going to a fancy restaurant; go for a bike ride around town; play Frisbee golf on campus. Any of these activities cost a fraction of the typical college experience and can be more fun.
Find a Job
If you can fit it into your busy class schedule, a part-time job is a great way to bring in some extra income and give you some more flexibility with your spending. Waiting tables or delivering food can bring in great tips, and college-town restaurants are almost always looking for new help. A great way to earn some money and get some studying done is to work at your university's library. It's not a very demanding job and is usually quiet, so you can read for class and get paid at the same time.
Get the Right Cell Phone Plan
It's difficult to get by without a cell Phone today, but with a little research you can find an affordable plan that fits your needs. If they're up for it, join a family cell phone plan with your parents. It's usually much cheaper for everyone involved than having separate plans. If you're on your own, check out websites that offer side-by-side comparison charts of different cell phone plans. You should also avoid text messaging. Before you know it, you could rack up hundreds of dollars worth of texts when you could have communicated the same information for much less. Remember, phone companies charge both the sender and receiver of text messages, so let your friends know if you don't want them to text you five times every class. Send out e-mails or use free networking websites like Myspace or Facebook.
Smart Apartment Living
If you're not living in the dorms, split the rent with a few roommates. When thinking about appliances, see if your apartment complex provides a refrigerator, a washer and dryer, a microwave, and other handy accessories. If your parents or friends have any old appliances lying around, ask them if they'd be willing to part with them. Electricity, water and heating bills can be costly, so do your best to conserve—turn off lights when you're not in the room, use as little water as possible by taking fast showers and use heat sparingly.
Look Out for Scholarships
If you're applying for college right now or thinking about transferring to another school, it doesn't hurt to do some research on various types of financial aid provided by the school. Aside from the obvious chunk of cash you'll save in the long run, several scholarships offer all sorts of perks（补贴）and benefits—semester stipends, group trips, special access to useful resources, et cetera. If you're already enrolled but haven't received any aid, keep trying! If your grades are good and, you show you mean business, many scholarship programs give you the opportunity to apply each semester.
1.According to the passage, which at the following is NOT necessary for college students to buy since they cost too much money?
A.Reference books. B.Brand new textbooks.
C.Reading materials. D.New editions.
2.If no transportation system exists in a university, to save money on transportation, the college students should______.
A.drive to class and spend money on gas B.ride for free with a student ID
C.work out class schedules with friends D.walk or bike to class
3.Which of the following can make college students eat enough and eat healthy on their own budget?
A.To grab a brochure. B.To asking meal plan veterans.
C.Not to stick on a meal plan. D.To have shopper's discount card.
4.A college student should notice his or her account because______.
A.banks offer free checking and saving accounts B.banks allow a student to avoid fees on withdrawals
C.it is easier to follow your activity D.over-drafting will cost more in fees
5.The purpose of encouraging students to collect receipts of every purchase is to______.
A.help them avoid unnecessary fees B.monitor their spending habits
C.add up all expenses D.see where their money went
6.If a college student doesn't want to spend money on typical campus leisure, how to have fun and at the same time to save money?
A.Unwind after studying. B.Ask if the place offers student discount.
C.Create some activities. D.Go to a fancy restaurant.
7.Why working at a university's library is better than waiting tables or delivering food?
A.College student can earn more money. B.College student can bring in great tips.
C.College student can help others. D.College student can read for class and meanwhile get paid.
8.To communicate the same information, sending out e-mail or using free networking web sites is much cheaper than________________________________________.
9.A good way to save apartment living bills is to ask whether your parents or friends want to give you their_______________________________________________.
10.College students with good academic achievements and poor financial background have chances to apply for__________________________________________.
1.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第二段第二、三句“Brand new editions of chemistry books, for instance, can cost as much as $300, and that's not including any lab material. However, you can cut costs on reading materials and not starve.”通过这句话可知，崭新版本的化学课本会花掉你300美元，那还不包括任何实验用的教材。但是，你可以在买阅读材料上削减开支而且不必饿肚子。据此判断，答案是B。
2.【答案】C
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第三段第三句“If a transportation system doesn't exist (or the existing one isn't safe or reliable), try to work out class schedules with friends and carpool.”通过这句话可知，如果那里无车可乘（或现有的车存在安全问题或不可靠），那就和朋友们组织起来制定班级行车表，合伙用车。据此判断，答案是C。
3.【答案】C
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第四段第六句“If you decide to skip out on a meal plan, it's possible to eat enough and eat healthy on your own budget.”通过这句话可知，如果你决定放弃校方提供的餐饮计划，也可以花自己的钱，在预算范围内吃饱吃好。据此判断，答案是C。
4.【答案】D
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第五段第三句“Keep track of your account—over-drafting（透支）will only cost you more in fees.”通过这句话可知，要及时了解自己的账户余额——因为透支只会使你花更多的钱。据此判断，答案是D。
5.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第六段首句“It might seem like a hassle, but saving receipts of everything you purchase—from small items such as a candy bar or a CD, to big-ticket items like a new computer—is a great way to monitor your spending habits.”通过这句话可知，这看上去似乎很麻烦，但是，保存所有开销的数据是监控你的开销习惯的一个很好方式。据此判断，答案是B。
6.【答案】C
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。依据第七段第四句“If you make the right choices and use a bit of creativity, you can have fun and save money at the same time.”和第七段最后一句“Any of these activities cost a fraction of the typical college experience and can be more fun.”通过这两段话可知，如果选择正确，再用一点创造力，就可以享乐和省钱并举。与那些典型的校园活动相比，所有这些活动仅花费一点点钱，但也许会带来更多乐趣。据此判断，答案是C。
7.【答案】D
【解析】本题考查分析判断能力。见第八段第二至第四句“Waiting tables or delivering food can bring in great tips, and college-town restaurants are almost always looking for new help. A great way to earn some money and get some studying done is to work at your university's library. It's not a very demanding job and is usually quiet, so you can read for class and get paid at the same time.”通过这段话可知，做侍应生或运送食物的工作会带来丰厚的小费，而大学图书馆的工作让你拿到工钱的同时还给你看书学习之便。据此判断，答案是D。
8.【答案】text messaging
【解析】依据第九段最后三句“You should also avoid text messaging. Before you know it, you could rack up hundreds of dollars worth of texts when you could have communicated the same information for much less. Remember, phone companies charge both the sender and receiver of text messages, so let your friends know if you don't want them to text you five times every class. Send out e-mails or use free networking websites like Myspace or Facebook.”通过这段话可知，答案是text messaging。
9.【答案】old appliances
【解析】依据第九个小标题下第三句“If your parents or friends have any old appliances lying around, ask them if they'd be willing to part with them.”此句话是说，如果你的父母或朋友有闲置的旧电器，就问问他们你可否使用。据此判断，答案是old appliances。
10.【答案】many scholarship programs
【解析】依据第十个小标题下末句“If your grades are good and you show you mean business, many scholarship programs give you the opportunity to apply each semester.”通过这段话可知，成绩好的学生可以申请奖学金。据此判断，答案是many scholarship programs。
参考译文
大学省钱十要诀
即便有奖学金和其他资金援助，上大学还是一项巨大的开支。在学习与开销间找到平衡很不容易。有时最好学的数学家们一想到需要保持开支平衡就心虚不已。所有的一切——从教材、食物、交通、供给到娱乐——都需要花钱。你根本没办法绕过它，不过有些简单的办法可以帮你省钱。下面介绍了一些方法能够帮助你避免陷入破产的恐惧中：
在二手书店买教材
大学书店中的教材有可能非常贵。比如：崭新版本的化学课本会花掉你300美元，那还不包括实验用教材。但是，你可以在买阅读材料上削减开支而且不必饿肚子。你应该去找找二手书店。大多数大学中都应该有几个二手书店，店内书的价格打折很多，书本的状况也不错。如果在开课前还有足够的时间，就上网查找你要的书。从网上书店买的书价格比较便宜，即使算上运费，也比较合算。对了，别忘了——你的朋友们也许过去上过同样的课，去问问他们看是否能从谁那里借到课本。
寻找恰当的交通方式
最好不要驾车上课，把钱花在汽油、停车费和一些罚单上。你应该查看一下当地的汽车和地铁网络图。如果有车是你的大学运营的，你很可能可以凭学生证免费乘车。如果你们那里无车可乘（或现有的车存在安全问题或不可靠），那就和朋友们组织一起来制定班级行车表，几个人一组搭车或者拼车上学。如果你住在学校附近，就步行或骑自行车上学，还能够锻炼身体。
选择合适的饮食计划
受到食物的质量、个人校内餐饮的次数、个人的饭量及餐饮的场所等因素的影响，各个大学校园的饮食计划标准不同。校园餐饮费会花掉你一大笔钱，你得研究一下，看看这笔钱花得值不值。找一本菜品小册子，问问经验丰富的老手，找机会尝尝菜等。有些大学提供校园外餐饮服务，通常与校外食品供应商或餐馆合作。你得查明这些餐饮计划是否符合你的要求。如果你决定放弃校方提供的餐饮计划，也可以花自己的钱，在预算范围内吃饱吃好。收集优惠券，买食品要大量购进，并要使用商家发的折扣卡。要富有创造性，与室友和朋友们一起做晚餐，不要去餐馆，那里的餐价要贵得多。
开设学生储蓄账户
为了迎合大学生，银行通常向大学生提供免费的活期和定期存款的服务，大学生们取钱和转账方面可以免费，银行还允许大学生的账户留有最低存款额。你应该确保网上银行的使用，因为网上银行使你的各种操作活动变得更为容易。要及时了解自己的账户余额——因为透支只会使你花更多的钱。因此，一定要竭力使自己的账户留有余额。
要条理化
这也许显得有点唠叨，但保存所以开销的收据对监测你的开销习惯有极大帮助，小至一块糖或一片CD，大到一台新电脑不等。试着将这些收据攒上一个月。一个月到期时，把所有花掉的钱加起来，并看看这些钱都用到了什么地方。你肯定会惊讶地发现，消减不必要的开支原来这么容易。
创造性地利用闲暇时间
学习之后大家都需要放松一下，大学校园里的活动多种多样，典型的活动包括看电影、泡吧或咖啡厅、到艺术中心放松、逛公园、到繁华地带的购物中心购物等等。询问这些地方是否提供学生优惠活动。或者你可以选择其他方式来度过一段美好时光。如果你选择正确，再用一点创造力，就可以享乐和省钱并举。在公园中搞个野餐活动，约会时共同做一顿晚餐而不是去高档餐厅，去进行环城自行车旅行，在校园里玩飞盘等。与那些典型的校园活动相比，所有这些活动仅花费一点点钱，但也许会带来更多乐趣。
找份工作
如果你学有余力的话，就可以找份兼职工作，既能带来额外收入又能让你在花钱方面稍有弹性。做侍应生或运送食物的工作会带来丰厚的小费，学校和城里的餐馆也总是人手不够。有一份兼职工作能让你挣钱和学习两不误，那就是在大学图书馆工作。这项工作的要求并不高，工作环境安静，所以你既能看书学习又能拿到工钱。
制定合理的电话开销计划
如今没有手机寸步难行，但是你稍做研究调查就会找到负担得起的方案。如果可行，参加家庭手机计划，与你父母共同分担花销。通常来说大家都使用同一方案比各用各的节省得多。如果你是单独的，那就上网查询关于不同手机定制使用的比较。你还应避免使用短信。也许你的短信费都积累上好几百美元，而你还不知道呢。而本来你可以花少得多的钱传送同样多的信息。记住，电话公司是双向收取短信费的，一条短信既向发送者收钱，又向收信者收钱。因此告诉你的朋友不要每节课都给你发好几条短信。向大家传送信息时使用电子信件或通过免费的网站发送，如Myspace或 Facebook。
明智的公寓生活
如果你不是住宿舍，那就和室友分担租金。说到电器，看看你们租的公寓是否提供冰箱、洗碗机、烘干机、微波炉和其他有用的电器。如果你的父母或朋友有闲置的旧电器，就问问他们你可否使用。公寓中水、电、供暖的开销昂贵，所以要尽可能节约——不在屋里的时候要关灯，尽可能地少使用水，洗澡时要简单快洗，节约使用供暖。
留心各种奖学金
如果你现在正在申请大学或正在考虑转学，有必要查看该学校提供的各种资金援助。除了在长期的大学生活中你能省下大笔的钱外，几项奖学金可对你生活的各方面进行补贴而且使你受益匪浅——学期补助、团队旅行、某些资源的特殊利用等等。如果你已经报名但还没有得到任何资金援助，就继续努力！如果你学习成绩优秀，而生活又拮据，学校每学期都有许多奖学金项目，会给你提供申请的机会。
Text 2
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Universities Branch Out
As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.
In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self consciously global：seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative（合作的）research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.
Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders, over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.
Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships（实习）abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.
Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research centre focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai centre has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries：Xu's Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.
As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure（基础设施）and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible：Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.
For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.
American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.
Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects：first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished（珍视）values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.
1.From the first paragraph we know that present-day universities have become______.
A.more and more research-oriented B.in-service training organizations
C.more popularized than ever before D.a powerful force for global integration
2.Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased______.
A.by 2.5 million B.by 800,000
C.at an annual rate of 3.9 percent D.at an annual rate of 8 percent
3.In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreignborn?
A.10%. B.20%. C.30%. D.38%.
4.How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?
A.They organize a series of seminars on world economy.
B.They offer them various courses in international politics.
C.They arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus program.
D.They give them chances for international study or internship.
5.An example illustrating the general trend of universities' globalization is______.
A.Yale's collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research
B.Yale's helping Chinese universities to launch research projects
C.Yale's student exchange program with European institutions
D.Yale's establishing branch campuses throughout the world
6. What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A.It houses many companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.
B.It is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.
C.It was intentionally created by Stanford University.
D.It is where the Internet infrastructure was built up.
7. What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?
A.It has increased by 3 percent. B.It has been unsteady for years.
C.It has been more than sufficient. D.It doubled between 1998 and 2003.
8.The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. after September 11 was caused by______________________.
9.Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will______________________.
10.The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best of them will stay and______________________.
1.【答案】D
【解析】依据第一段最后一句“But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.”通过这句话可知，国界对商品、服务、信息尤其是对人的开放使得大学成为增进世界融合、相互理解和地理政治稳定的强有力的工具。据此判断，应选择D。
2.【答案】C
【解析】依据第三段第二句“...over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.”通过对这句话可知，在过去三十几年中，到国外留学的学生以每年3.9％的速度增长。据此判断，应选择C。
3.【答案】B
【解析】依据第三段最后一句 “...20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born.”通过这句话可知，在美国，新聘用的科学工程专业教授中有20％是在国外出生。据此判断，应选择B。
4.【答案】D
【解析】依据第四段最后一句“Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.”通过这句话可知，耶鲁大学与哈佛大学一马当先，给每位在校生提供至少一项去其他国家学习与实习的机会,并为其提供必要的资金支持。据此判断，应选择D。
5.【答案】A
【解析】依据第五段的“Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research centre focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools.”通过这句话可知，徐甜是耶鲁大学的教授，同时还是哈佛大学霍华德·休斯医学研究所的调查员，她在中国上海复旦大学集合两个学校的人员创建了人类疾病基因研究中心。此事例体现了国内外科研资源共享。据此判断，应选择A。
6.【答案】C
【解析】依据第六段第二句“The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.”通过这句话可知，硅谷开始就是由斯坦福大学创建的。据此判断，应选择C。
7.【答案】B
【解析】依据第七段第二句“Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady.”通过这句话可知，很多政客认可科研投资与国家经济增长的联系，但是对科研资金的支持却反复无常。据此判断，应选择B。
8.【答案】changes in the visa process
【解析】依据第八段第三句“In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities.”通过这句话可知，9月11日之后，签证程序的更改使得美国海外学生的入学人数大大减少。据此判断，答案是changes in the visa process。
9.【答案】take their knowledge and skills back home
【解析】依据第九段首句“...but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home.”通过这句话可知，但是很多人担心海外学生毕业后把知识和技术带回国，无形当中威胁到美国的竞争力。据此判断，答案是take their knowledge and skills back home。
10.【答案】strengthen the nation
【解析】依据第九段第二句“...first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished（珍视）values when they return home.”通过这句话可知，首先，就像历史上的移民一样，他们中的精英会留在美国，为富强美国作出贡献。答案为strengthen the nation。
参考译文
大学在全球开枝散叶
如今，大学已成为推进国家和平和增强竞争力的工具，这在其历史上是前所未有的。大学是科学发现的发源地，这些发现推动着经济发展，同时，大学教育也是培养人才的主要手段，这些人才是获得并维持国家竞争优势所必需的。另外，国界对商品、服务、信息尤其是对人的开放使得大学成为增进世界融合、相互理解和地理政治稳定的强有力的工具。
推动经济发展的强大动力使大学也自觉趋向全球化：从全球范围内招收代表各种文化价值的学生，把自己的学生送往他国为全球性职业做准备：为了全人类的利益进行科学研究，推动科学发展，并开设相关的课程，以迎接联系密切的世界和合作研究项目带来的挑战。
在塑造高等教育的所有力量当中，没有哪个能够像穿越国界这样具有如此强大的力量。在过去三十几年中，离家到海外求学的学生数量以每年3.9％的速度增长，由1975年的80万人增长到2004年的250万人。他们大部分从一个发达国家去往另一个发达国家，但是近年来由发展中国家去往发达国家的人数增长迅速。同样，由发达国家去往发展中国家的人数也在上升。目前，获得博士学位的外籍学生占了美国博士总数的30％，在英国这个数字达到38％。同时，到海外读本科的学生人数也在增加。外籍本科生占了美国重点大学的8％，占了英国所有本科生的10％。在美国，新聘用的科学工程专业教授中有20％是在国外出生的，在中国重点学府许多新聘用的教师都曾在国外接受研究生教育。
大学也鼓励在校本科生出国学习几年。在欧洲，每年有超过14万的学生参与伊拉斯莫高等教育项目，在全球参与此活动的2200个大学中获得学分制学习。在美国，大学帮助在校生到国外进行暑期实习，为全球性职业做准备。其中耶鲁大学和哈佛大学一马当先，给每位在校生提供至少一项去其他国家学习与实习的机会并为其提供必要的资金支持。
全球化亦改变着科研方法，其中一个趋势是国内外科研资源共享。徐甜是耶鲁大学的教授，同时还是哈佛大学霍华德·休斯医学研究所的调查员，她在中国上海复旦大学集合两个学校的人员创建了人类疾病基因研究中心。目前该中心95名研究员和部分研究生在这个4300平方米的上海实验中心共事。耶鲁教授、博士后及研究生频繁往来于该中心，与两校的科学家一起参加视频研讨会。这对两国都是有益的：借助中国科研的低成本，徐甜在耶鲁的研究室成果累累，而中国的研究生、博士后与科研人员通过与世界一流的科学家和其团队的合作获得了职业训练。
从20世纪60年代的大型计算机到90年代的网络设施和软件应用，美国借助其强大的科技力量，一直在科技的商业化方面处于世界领先地位。大学研究与它在市场中的应用联系不是很直接，但有的时候却非常明显，比如硅谷开始就是斯坦福大学成立的，波士顿著名的128号公路两侧布满了 MIT和哈佛大学的公司。放眼整个世界，政府鼓励此种发展模式，最成功的要数英国的剑桥大学，学校周围微软和几十家处于领先地位的软件和生物技术公司鳞次栉比。
即使如此，在支持科研型大学模式上，美国政府的态度仍不明朗。很多政客认可科技投资与国家经济增长的联系，但是对科研的资金支持却反复无常。美国国立卫生研究院的预算在1998至2003年间多了一倍，但是此后的增长速度却比不上通胀率的速度，同一期间物理科学和工程学的资金增长速度甚至赶不上通胀率。弥补措施当然是大受欢迎的，但是如果政府在长期GDP增长速度基础上增长科学基金，即在每年通胀率基础上增加3％，国家将会受益更多。
美国政客看不到吸收更多海外学生能够增进国际交流，进而大大推进国家利益。由于通胀率调整，大学国际交流与外语研究的资金大大低于40年前的水平。9月11日之后，签证程序的更改使得美国海外学生的入学人数大大减少，与此同时，澳大利亚、新加坡和英国海外学生的入学人数却相应疯涨。美国大学及商业主导者们对此提出反对意见，因此签证程序有所改善，人数下降现象有所回落，但是仍有很多人认为美国对海外学生并不欢迎。
大部分美国人承认大学的科学研究促进了国家的发展，但是很多人担心海外学生毕业后把知识和技术带回国，无形当中威胁到美国的竞争力。他们没有看到海外学生留学美国有两个重要的积极作用：首先，就像历史上的移民一样，他们中的精英会留在美国，为富强美国作出贡献；其次，有些学生学成回国后成为美国最珍视的价值观的传播者。至少他们自己能够更好地理解这种价值观。像其他地区一样，没有什么外交手段能够像欢迎海外学生那样有效地推动和平与稳定。
Text 3
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
That's Enough, Kids
It was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four, approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.
"I'd watched him for a little while and my son was the fourth or fifth child he'd shoved," she says. "I went over to them, picked up my son, turned to the boy and said, firmly, 'No, we don't push.'" What happened next was unexpected.
"The boy's mother ran toward me from across the park," Stella says. "I thought she was coming over to apologise, but instead she started shouting at me for 'disciplining her child'. All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting other children in the process?"
Getting your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing with other people's children has become a minefield.
In my house, jumping on the sofa is not allowed. In my sister's house it's encouraged. For her, it's about kids being kids: "If you can't do it at three, when can you do it?"
Each of these philosophies is valid and, it has to be said, my son loves visiting his aunt's house. But I find myself saying "no" a lot when her kids are over at mine. That's OK between sisters but becomes dangerous territory when you're talking to the children of friends or acquaintances.
"Kids aren't all raised the same," agrees Professor Naomi White of Monash University. "But there's still an idea that they're the property of the parents. We see our children as an extension of ourselves, so if you're saying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then that's somehow a criticism of me."
In those circumstances, it's difficult to know whether to approach the child directly or the parent first. There are two schools of thought.
"I'd go to the child first," says Andrew Fuller, author of Tricky Kids. "Usually a quiet reminder that'we don't do that here' is enough. Kids have finely tuned antennae（直觉）for how to behave in different settings."
He points out that bringing it up with the parent first may make them feel neglectful, which could cause problems. Of course, approaching the child first can bring its own headaches, too.
This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first. "Raise your concerns with the parents if they're there and ask them to deal with it," she says.
Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist Meredith Fuller answers: "Explain your needs as well as stressing the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with something like：'I know you'll think I'm silly but in my house I don't want...'"
When it comes to situations where you're caring for another child, White is straightforward:"Common sense must prevail. If things don't go well, then have a chat."
There're a couple of new grey areas. Physical punishment, once accepted from any adult, is no longer appropriate. "Now you can't do it without feeling uneasy about it," White says.
Men might also feel uneasy about dealing with other people's children. "Men feel nervous," White says. "A new set of considerations has come to the fore as part of the debate about how we handle children."
For Andrew Fuller, the child-centric nature of our society has affected everyone. "The rules are different now from when today's parents were growing up," he says. "Adults are scared of saying, 'Don't swear', or asking a child to stand up on a bus. They're worried that there will be conflict if they point these things out—either from older children, or their parents."
He sees it as a loss of the sense of common public good and public courtesy（礼貌）, and says that adults suffer form it as much as children.
Meredith Fuller agrees. "A code of conduct is hard to create when you're living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last."
"It's about what I'm doing and what I need," Andrew Fuller says. "The days when a kid came home from school and said, 'I got into trouble,' and dad said, 'you probably deserved it,' are over. Now the parents are charging up to the school to have a go at teachers."
This jumping to our children's defense is part of what fuels the "walking on eggshells" feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people's children. You know that if you remonstrate（劝诫）with the child, you're going to have to deal with the parent. It's admirable to be protective of our kids, but is it good?
"Children have to learn to negotiate the world on their own, within reasonable boundaries," White says."I suspect that it's only certain sectors of the population doing the running to the school—better-educated parents are probably more likely to be too involved."
White believes our notions of a more child-centred society should be challenged. "Today we have a situation where, in many families, both parents work, so the amount of time children get from parents has diminished," she says.
"Also, sometimes when we talk about being child-centred, it's a way of talking about treating our children like commodities（商品）. We're centred on them but in ways that reflect positively on us. We treat them as objects whose appearance and achievements are something we can be proud of, rather than serve the best interests of the children."
One way over-worked, under-resourced parents show commitment to their children is to leap to their defence. Back at the park, Bianchi's intervention（干预）on her son's behalf ended in an undignified exchange of insulting words with the other boy's mother.
As Bianchi approached the park bench where she'd been sitting, other mums came up to her and congratulated her on taking a stand. "Apparently the boy had a longstanding reputation for bad behaviour and his mum for even worse behaviour if he was challenged."
Andrew Fuller doesn't believe that we should be afraid of dealing with other people's kids. "Look at kids that aren't your own as a potential minefield," he says. He recommends that we don't stay silent over inappropriate behaviour, particularly with regular visitors.
1.What did Stella Bianchi expect the young boy's mother to do when she talked to him?
A.Make an apology. B.Come over to intervene.
C.Discipline her own boy. D.Take her own boy away.
2.What does the author say about dealing with other people's children?
A.It's important not to hurt them in any way. B.It's no use trying to stop their wrongdoing.
C.It's advisable to treat them as one's own kids. D.It's possible for one to get into lots of trouble.
3.According to Professor Naomi White of Monash University, when one's kids are criticised, their parents will probably feel______.
A.discouraged B.hurt C.puzzled D.overwhelmed
4.What should one do when seeing other people's kids misbehave according to Andrew Fuller?
A.Talk to them directly in a mild way. B.Complain to their parents politely.
C.Simply leave them alone. D.Punish them lightly.
5.Due to the child-centric nature of our society,______.
A.parents are worried when their kids swear at them
B.people think it improper to criticise kids in public
C.people are reluctant to point out our kids' wrongdoings
D.many conflicts arise between parents and their kids
6.In a world where everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep,______.
A.it's easy for people to become impatient B.it's difficult to create a code of conduct
C.it's important to be friendly to everybody D.it's hard for people to admire each other
7.How did people use to respond when their kids got into trouble at school?
A.They'd question the teachers. B.They'd charge up to the school.
C.They'd tell the kids to calm down. D.They'd put the blame on their kids.
8.Professor White believes that the notions of a more child-centred society should be________________.
9.According to Professor White, today's parents treat their children as something they_______________.
10.Andrew Fuller suggests that, when kids behave inappropriately, people should not________________.
1.【答案】A
【解析】依据第三段第一句"The boy's mother ran toward me from across the park," Stella says. "I thought she was coming over to apologise, but instead she started shouting at me for 'disciplining her child'.”通过这段话可知，Stella本以为孩子的母亲是来道歉的，但事实并非如此。据此判断，应选择A。
2.【答案】D
【解析】依据第四段第二句“Dealing with other people's children has become a minefield.”通过这句话可知，管教别人的孩子如同进入雷区。据此判断，应选择D。
3.【答案】B
【解析】依据第七段最后一句“We see our children as an extension of ourselves, so if you're saying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then that's somehow a criticism of me.”通过这句话可知，我们将孩子看成是自己的延续，如果你说我的孩子做得不对，那就有些在批评我的意思了。据此判断，应选择B。
4.【答案】A
【解析】依据第九段第二句“Usually a quiet reminder that 'we don't do that here' is enough.”通过这句话可知，通常，一个温和的提醒"我们不能那样做"就够了。据此判断，应选择A。
5.【答案】C
【解析】依据第十六段“Adults are scared of saying, 'Don't swear,' or asking a child to stand up on a bus. They're worried that there will be conflict if they point these things out—either from older children, or their parents.”通过这段话可知，成年人害怕说“不要骂人”，或者在公交车上要求一个孩子站起来。他们担心这样做会引起矛盾，或者来自孩子，或者来自他们的父母。据此判断，应选择C。
6.【答案】B
【解析】依据第十八段“A code of conduct is hard to create when you're living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.”通过这段话可知，当你生活在每个人因为过度工作和缺乏睡眠而疲惫不堪，而且好人总是被发现排到最后的世界时，行动守则很难创建。据此判断，应选择B。
7.【答案】D
【解析】依据第十九段“The days when a kid came home from school and said, 'I got into trouble,' and dad said, 'you probably deserved it,' are over.”通过这段话可知，在过去，当孩子告诉父母遇到麻烦时，父亲会说"或许你是活该"，这样的时代已经过去了。据此判断，应选择D。
8.【答案】challenged
【解析】依据第二十二段“White believes our notions of a more child-centred society should be challenged.”通过这句话可知，怀特认为我们这个更多地以孩子为中心观点的社会应该受到挑战。据此判断，本题答案是challenged。
9.【答案】can be proud of
【解析】依据第二十三段最后一句“We treat them as objects whose appearance and achievements are something we can be proud of, rather than serve the best interests of the children.”通过这句话可知，我们将他们看成可以因其外貌和成就而感到骄傲的东西，而不是为了满足孩子们最佳的兴趣。据此判断，本题答案是can be proud of。
10.【答案】stay silent
【解析】依据最后一段最后一句“He recommends that we don't stay silent over inappropriate behaviour, particularly with regular visitors.”通过这句话可知，他建议我们不应该对不良行为忍气吞声，尤其是对那些“惯犯”。据此判断，本题答案是stay silent。
参考译文
够了，孩子们！
那天天气不错，斯特拉·比安奇（Stella Bianchi）带着两个孩子在公园里享受阳光。这时，一个四岁左右的男孩跑向她两岁的儿子并把他推倒在地。
“我已经盯他一阵了，我儿子是他推倒的第四、五个孩子，”她说。“我向他们走去，拉起我的儿子，转头对那男孩严厉地说‘不要这样，我们不能推别人。’”接下来却发生了令人意想不到的事情。
“男孩的妈妈穿过公园跑到我的身边，”斯特拉说。“我以为她是过来道歉的，但是她却开始朝我大声叫嚷，说我‘管教她儿子’。我所做的不过是让他知道自己的行为是不受欢迎的。难道我就该坐那里不动，看她的孩子为所欲为，一直伤害其他孩子吗？”
本来管好自己的孩子已经很难了，再管教别人的孩子就如同进了雷区。
在我家，不允许孩子跳到沙发上。在我妹妹家，却鼓励孩子们这样做。对她而言，孩子毕竟是孩子：“三岁的时候不这样玩，那要到什么时候呢？”
这些观点都有道理，而且不得不承认，我儿子喜欢去他姨妈家玩。而我妹妹的孩子在我家玩过头时，我总是阻止他们。这在姐妹之间是没问题的，但是当你跟朋友或者熟人的孩子这样说时，这就成为禁区了。
“孩子成长的方式不同，”莫纳什大学（Monash University）的娜奥米·怀特（Naomi White）教授也同意这一点。“但人们都把孩子看成是父母的财富。我们将孩子视为自己的延续，所以如果你说我的孩子做得不对，那就有些批评我的意思了。”
在那些情况下，很难明白是直接去找孩子还是先找父母。对此，存在两种观点。
“我会先找孩子，”《狡猾的孩子》的作者安德鲁·福勒（Andrew Fuller）说。“通常温和地提醒一句‘我们不能那样做’就够了。孩子们对不同情况下如何表现有着不错的直觉。”
他指出先同父母提出问题的话，会让孩子觉得自己被忽视了，这可能会导致一些问题。当然，先接近孩子也会有令人头疼的问题。
这也就是怀特建议大家先接近父母的原因了。她说：“如果父母在场，向他们提出你的顾虑并让他们来解决。”
在被问到如何在这种情况下接近孩子的父母时，心理学家梅瑞迪斯·福勒（Meredith Fuller）回答说：“在说明你的需要的同时，着重强调友谊的重要性。你可以这样开头‘我知道你会认为我很无聊，但是在我家，我不想……’”
在你护着另一个孩子的时候，怀特直截了当地说："理智占据上风。如果情况不妙，不妨聊聊天。”
现在有些新的灰色地带。过去任何一个大人都会进行体罚，但现如今不合适了。“现在你要是这样做，会感到心神不安的。”怀特说。
人们在教育别人家的孩子时也可能会觉得不安。“人们觉得紧张，”怀特说，“新的思考已经在如何处理孩子问题的争论中成为惹人注意的一部分。”
对安德鲁·福勒而言，以孩子为中心的社会本质已经影响到每个人。“现在的规则与家长们当年成长时的规则不同了。”他说，“成年人害怕说，‘别骂人’，或者让孩子在公交车上站起来。他们担心如果说出这些事情会引起矛盾——不管是与年纪大点的孩子还是他们的家长。”
他认为这是一种公共美德和公共礼貌的丧失，并谈到成人与孩子们承受的一样多。
梅瑞迪斯·福勒对此表示同意：“在你生活的世界中，每个人因为过度工作和缺乏睡眠而疲惫不堪，而且好人总是被发现排到最后时，便很难形成一种行动守则。”
“这是我现在做的和我需要做的事情。”安德鲁·福勒说，“过去孩子回家说，‘我有麻烦了’，而父亲会说‘也许你是活该’，这种日子已经结束了。现在家长会冲到学校去向老师抱怨。”
教育别人家的孩子时，这种贸然保护孩子的行为有几分地燃起了“如行走在蛋壳之上”的感觉。你知道，要是你劝诫孩子，你就得跟孩子的家长交涉。保护自己的孩子的确令人钦佩，但是这样做好吗？
“孩子必须自己学会在合理的范围内与这个世界沟通，”怀特说。“我怀疑只是一部分人会冲到学校这样做——受过良好教育的家长可能更容易牵涉其中。”
怀特相信我们这个社会更加以孩子为中心的观点应该受到挑战。她说：“现在的情况是，我们很多家庭，父母双方都在工作，所以可以分给孩子的时间减少了。”
“同时，有时当我们谈论以孩子为中心时，只是将孩子看做是商品的一种方式。我们以肯定我们自己的方式去关心孩子，我们将他们看成可以因其外貌和成就而感到骄傲的东西，而不是为了满足孩子们最好的兴趣。”
工作过度、资力不足的家长对孩子履行义务的一种方法就是贸然保护孩子。回到公园的故事，比安奇替儿子出头最终以两位母亲的毫无形象的“口水战”而收尾。
当比安奇回到她一直坐的公园长凳上时，其他一些孩子的母亲走过来，祝贺她可以站出来反抗。“很显然，那个男孩行为恶劣不是一时了，而在他遇到反对时，他母亲做得更差。”
安德鲁·福勒相信我们不应该担心处理与别人的孩子的事情。他说：“将别人的孩子看成潜在的雷区。”他建议我们不应该对不良行为忍气吞声，尤其是对那些“惯犯”。
Text 4
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "ice-box" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States: The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The common sense that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient ice-box.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
1.What is the main idea of this passage?
A.The influence of ice on the diet. B.The transportation of goods to market.
C.The development of refrigeration. D.Sources of the term "ice-box".
2.According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of the American language?
A.In 1803. B.Around 1850. C.During the Civil War. D.Before 1880.
3.The word "rudimentary" in Para. 2 is closest in meaning to______.
A.basic B.sufficient C.necessary D.undeveloped
4.The sentence "Thomas Moore, had been on the right track." (Para. 3) indicates that______.
A.Moore's farm was not far away from Washington
B.Moore's farm was on the right road
C.Moore's design was completely successful
D.Moore was suitable for the job
5.Which following conclusion is right according to this article?
A.Icebox is the origin of modern refrigerator.
B.Icebox can keep ice from melting.
C.Difference between icebox and refrigerator is that the latter is electric.
D.Both icebox and refrigerator can keep meat, fish and butter fresh.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.
［结构分析］本句子是一个简单句。主干是“...half the ice...and one-third of that...went to families...”。Even before 1880作时间状语，过去分词结构“sold in New York...”作后置定语，for their own use作目的状语。
［参考译文］甚至在1880年前，在纽约、费城、巴尔的摩冰总销量的一半，在波士顿和芝加哥冰总销量的三分之一进入了家庭以做家用。
［长难例句］The commonsense that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of ice that performed the cooling.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是“The commonsense notion...was of course mistaken...”。that引导的从句是主语sense的同位语，“for...cooling”作原因状语。原因状语中使用了强调句型，被强调的部分是这个从句的主语the melting of ice。
［参考译文］那种认为最好的冰盒就是阻止冰融化的常识当然是错误的，因为正是冰的融化导致冷却。
［长难例句］Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
［结构分析］本句是倒装结构。主句是“did inventors achieve...icebox”，时间状语是“not until...century”。否定副词置于句首，主句的主谓就要不完全倒装，即把助动词提前。
［参考译文］直到接近19世纪末期，发明家们才完成了有效冰盒所必需的隔热与循环的精确平衡。
全文参考译文
冰盒这个词到19世纪中期就已经进入了美国语言中了，不过那时冰还只是开始对美国普通城市人的食品产生影响。伴随着城市的发展，冰的交易也增多。在宾馆、酒馆、医院，冰被一些有远见的城市商人用在鲜肉、鲜鱼和黄油的保鲜上。美国内战后，当冰被用在冷藏车上时，它也进入了家庭。甚至在1880年前，纽约、费城、巴尔的摩冰总销量的一半，波士顿和芝加哥冰总销量的三分之一进入了家庭以做家用。这些之所以成为可能，都是因为一种新的家庭用具——冰盒，现代冰箱的前身——被发明出来。
制作一个有效的冰盒并不像我们现在想象的那么容易。作为制冷科学关键因素的热学在19世纪早期还没有得到发展。那种认为最好的冰盒就是阻止冰融化的常识当然是错误。因为导致冷却的是冰的融化。然而，早期节约冰的努力也包括将冰包裹起来阻止冰的融化。直到接近19世纪末期，发明家们才完成了有效冰盒所必需的隔热与循环的精确平衡。
但早在1803年时，一个天才的马里兰农夫，Thomas Moore，就曾经走对了路。他拥有一个距华盛顿城20多英里的农场，乔治镇是这个地区的中心市场。当他用自己设计的冰盒往市场运送黄油时，他发现顾客们会拒绝购买他的竞争对手们满盆快速溶化的黄油，而会出高价购买他的仍然新鲜干爽的、一磅重的黄油块。Moore解释说，冰盒的优点之一就是农夫们有了它以后，从此无须为了保持黄油的干爽而晚上再到市场来。
题目答案与解析
1.本文的主旨是什么？
A.冰对人们饮食的影响。 B.货品向市场的运输。
C.冷藏技术的发展。 D.“冰盒”一词的来源。
【答案】C
【解析】从文中内容可知，作者一开始谈到冰盒的在美国出现，逐渐进入美国家庭，后面又提到人们一直都在尝试着更有效的利用冰来保鲜。从中可知C项为正确答案。
2.根据本文，在美国语言中“冰盒”一词是什么时候出现的？
A.1803年。 B.1850年左右。 C.在美国内战期间。 D.1880年前。
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是文章的第一句“By the mid-nineteenth century, the term 'ice-box’had entered the American language”，从中可知B项为正确答案。
3.和第二段中rudimentary这个词的意思最接近的是______。
A.基本的 B.足够的 C.必要的 D.发展不充分的
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照第二段的第二句。这句话的意思是“在19世纪早期，作为制冷科学关键因素的热学只是还没有……”，而后面紧接着的一句是“那种认为最好的冰盒就是阻止冰融化的常识当然是错误的”，从这句话可以判断当时人们对热学并不了解，引申这个意思的话就可以知道rudimentary的意思肯定是负面的，因此D项是正确答案。
4.“Thomas Moore，就曾经走对了路”这句话（第三段）说明了______。
A.Moore的农场离华盛顿不远 B.Moore的农场就在路边
C.Moore的设计很成功 D.Moore适合这项工作
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照第三段。从中可知，Moore是一个天才的农夫，他自己设计了一个冰盒并应用于自己黄油的保鲜上，因而让自己的产品卖得好价钱，因此C项为正确答案。
5.按照本文的意思，下面的结论中哪个是正确的？
A.冰箱是现代电冰箱的起源。
B.冰箱可以保持冰不溶化。
C.冰箱和电冰箱的区别在于后者是用电推动的。
D.冰箱和电冰箱都能保持肉、鱼和奶油新鲜。
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查对文章的理解。第一个选项中，origin和precursor不是等同的概念，所以不合适。第二个选项与文中的意思正相反。第三个选项是主管臆测，文中没有明确阐述。只有第四个选项合适。
Text 5
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
1.The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _____.
A.sociology and chemistry B.physics and psychology
C.sociology and psychology D.physics and chemistry
2.We can infer from the passage that______.
A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization
B.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
3.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.
A.the process of specialization and professionalization
B.the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
C.the change of policies in scientific publications
D.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
4.The direct reason for specialization is ______.
A.the development in communication B.the growth of professionalization
C.the expansion of scientific knowledge D.the splitting up of academic societies
5.Which statement about the amateur is correct?
A.Professionals and amateurs are very different from each other in science.
B.The growth of specialization improves the amateur participation in science.
C.In the twentieth century, due to the increasing developments of science, the difference between the professional and amateur become larger than before.
D.A similar process of differentiation occurred in the specific societies of geometry.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
［结构分析］本句是一个主从复合句。主句中的主语是process，谓语是has led to，分词分句“professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies”作宾语。whereas引导了一个比较从句，从句中的主语是the amateurs，谓语是have tended, 而either to remain or to come together作宾语。
［参考译文］另一相近的分化过程是，全国专业地质学者会聚一堂，组成一两个专业小组，与之相反，业余人员要么倾向于占据地方学会，要么就以另外的不同于前者的方式在全国范围内联合。
全文参考译文
专业分工可以看成是对科学知识不断增加的问题的应对之策。通过把科学知识按课题不同划分成更小的单元，人们能继续掌握这些知识并把它用作进一步研究的基础。然而，专业分工仅是科学上影响交流进程的一系列相关科学发展的一个方面。另一方面则是科学活动的不断专业化。
专业人员和业余人员之间在科学上无法作出明确的划分：因为任何规则都有例外。不过“业余人员”一词确实含有如此的意义：他并没有彻底融入科学界，尤其是，可能不能完全分享其价值。19世纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，暗示了业余人员参加科学活动将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这一趋势。
比较一下英国过去一个半世纪的地质学方面的刊物，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性愈来愈受到强调，学术论文的出版标准亦在不断改变。因而，即使19世纪区域地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动；但是，在20世纪，区域研究唯有包容、思考更广泛的问题，才会逐渐被专业人员所接受。另外，业余人员仍然用从前的方式进行区域研究。其结果导致了业余人员在专业地质刊物上发表论文更加困难。19世纪的国家级杂志和20世纪的几家地方地质杂志先后广泛引进评审制度，促使该问题表现得更为明显。这一发展的必然结果是，导致分别出现了以专业读者或业余读者为主要对象的刊物。另一相近的分化进程是，全国专业地质学者会聚一堂，组成一两个专业小组，与之相反，业余人员要么倾向于占据地方学会，要么就以另外的不同于前者的方式在全国范围内联合。
尽管在19世纪，专业化和专业分工进程在英国地质学领域里就早已开始形成，可其成果被推迟到20世纪才充分显现。无论如何，从整个科学领域的范围来说，19世纪必定被看成这种科学结构转变的至关重要的时期。
题目答案与解析
1.19世纪专业化的发展可能在一些科学领域表现得更为突出，例如______。
A.社会学与化学 B.物理学与心理学 C.社会学与心理学 D.物理学与化学
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从文章第二段倒数两句话可知，19世纪专业化的发展以及随后时间更长、内容更复杂的训练要求暗示——业余人员参与科学研究所面临的问题会更大；当然，在那些尤其以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种趋势表现得最明显，英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。据此可知，19世纪专业化的发展在那些以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域可能表现得更为突出。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.我们可以从本文推知，______。
A.专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别
B.业余人员能够在科学的某些领域同专业人员竞争
C.专业人员往往欢迎业余研究人员加入科学团体
D.业余人员拥有全国性学术机构，但没有地方性学术机构
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第三段的内容可知，在19世纪，区域地质学研究代表的是一些独立完成的、有价值的科学研究；但是，到20世纪时，区域地质学研究唯有包容、思考更广泛的地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受；另外，业余人员仍然以从前的方式进行区域地质学研究。据此可知，业余人员可以在某些研究领域同专业人员竞争。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.作者写了地质学的发展，用以论证______。
A.专业化与职业化的发展过程 B.业余人员在科学研究中的艰辛
C.科学出版政策上的变化 D.专业人员对业余人员的歧视
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第二段的最后一句话可知，尤其在那些以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域，这种业余人员参与科学研究的趋势表现得最明显，英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势；第三段则详细说明了英国地质学的发展是如何论证了这种趋势。据此可知，作者利用地质学发展的例子是为了说明业余人员与专业学者之间的分化过程。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.专业化的直接原因是_________。
A.交流的发展 B.职业化的发展 C.科学知识的扩展 D.学术团体的分化
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，专业化可以被看成是对科学知识不断增加的问题的应对之策；通过把科学知识按课题不同划分成更小的单位，人们能够继续掌握这些知识，并把它作为进一步研究的基础。据此可知，专业化的直接原因是科学知识的不断增加。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.关于“业余人员”，哪个说法是正确的？
A.在科学领域，专业人员和业余人员彼此大不相同。
B.专业化的发展提高了业余人员的科学参与机会。
C.在20世纪，因为科学的加速发展，专业人员和业余人员之间的差距比原来加大了。
D.相类似的差异化发生在地理学的专业团体中。
【答案】C
【解析】本科考查对语义的理解。第一个选项跟第二段的第一句话矛盾。第二个选项跟第二段的第三句话相冲突。第四个选项在数量上跟文中描述的within one or two不符。
Text 6
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 1.02 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
1.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because_______.
A.cost reduction is based on competition B.services call for cross-trade coordination
C.outside competitors will continue to exist D.shippers will have the railway by the throat
2.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
A.Indifferent. B.Supportive. C.Indignant. D.Apprehensive.
3.It can be inferred from Para. 3 that_______.
A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
B.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide
C.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
D.a government board ensures fair play in railway business
4.The word "arbiters" (Line 6, Para. 4) most probably refers to those_______.
A.who work as coordinators B.who function as judges
C.who supervise transactions D.who determine the price
5.According to the passage, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_______.
A.the continuing acquisition B.the growing traffic
C.the cheering Wall Street D.the shrinking market
长难例句分析
［长难例句］If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
［结构分析］本句为虚拟语气，主干是shippers would do so。If railroads charged all customers the same average rate为条件状语从句，they argue为插入语，who引导的who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation是定语从句，修饰shippers，现在分词结构leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line作结果状语。
［参考译文］如果铁路对所有客户都平均收费，那些可以选择卡车或其他运输方式的客户就会选择这些方式。如此一来，剩余的客户就要承担保持运转的费用。
全文参考译文
近年来，各个铁路公司都一直在进行合并而成为超级系统，这引起了人们对垄断的日益关注。1995年四条最大的铁路运输量不到总吨/英里数的70％。明年，经过一系列的合并之后，这四条铁路的运输量将远远超过各大铁路货运总量的90％。
支持新超级铁路的人们认为，这些合并有助于大幅降低费用，更好地协调货运服务。他们认为，任何来自垄断的威胁都可以通过来自汽车运输的激烈竞争进行消除。然而，许多托运人却抱怨说，对于远途大宗货物如煤、化肥和粮食等货物而言，汽车货运的运费太昂贵，因此铁路公司“扼住他们的咽喉”。
铁路业大规模的合并意味着为托运人服务的铁路公司仅此一家。这样，在没有竞争对手时，铁路一般向“受制”的托运人多收20％～30％的费用。那些觉得运费过高的人有权向联邦政府地面运输委员会投诉，要求给予运费补贴。然而，这个过程既耗时又费钱，而且只有在极端的情况下才有效。
从长远来看，费率的差别降低了各个客户的成本，所以铁路方面认为铁路方收费差别是合理的。如果铁路对所有客户都平均收费，那些可以选择卡车或其他运输方式的客户就会去选择这些方式。如此一来，剩余的客户就要承担保持铁路运转的费用。对于这一理论，许多经济学家都赞成。但是，实际上常常使铁路处于这样一种地位，即决定哪些公司该继续发展而哪些公司该倒闭。经常作为托运方代理人的华盛顿律师Martin Bercovici问道：“难道我们真的要让铁路成为市场上谁兴谁衰的仲裁人吗？”
许多受控制的托运人也担心遭受费用大幅度增加的打击。就整个铁路业来说，尽管财源大有希望，其收入仍然不足以支付为维持日益增加的运量而投入的资本。然而，由于有华尔街为其鼓气，铁路方面仍在借贷资金以相互兼并。今年Norfolk Southern公司和CSX公司出资10.2亿美元购得联合铁路公司。1996年联合铁路公司的铁路纯收入仅为4.27亿美元，还不到运输成本的一半。那么这笔账的另一半由谁来支付呢？许多受制的托运人担心，由于Norfolk Southern公司和CSX公司加强对市场的掌控，托运人将承担余下的费用。
题目答案与解析
1.按照那些支持合并者的观点，铁路垄断不可能发生的原因是_________。
A.成本的降低以竞争为基础 B.服务需要跨行业的协调
C.来自外面的竞争者将继续存在 D.托运人将控制铁路运输
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从中可知，支持新超级铁路的人们认为，这些合并有助于大幅降低运费，并更好地协调货运服务；他们认为，任何来自垄断的威胁都可以通过来自汽车运输的激烈竞争而消除。据此可知，支持铁路合并的人认为来自于外面的激烈竞争会消除垄断的局面。C项与文意相符，因此为正确答案。
2.对铁路部门合并这件事，很多受控制的托运人的态度是什么？
A.漠不关心。 B.支持。 C.愤怒。 D.担心。
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，在没有竞争对手时铁路一般向这样的“受制的”托运人多收20％～30％的费用；从文章第五段的内容可知，许多受制的托运人也担心将受到费用大幅度增加的打击；就整个铁路行业来说，其收入仍不足以支付为维持日益增加的运量而投入的资金；而且，铁路公司仍在借贷资金以相互兼并；今年，Norfolk Southern公司和CSX投入了10.2亿美元兼并了联合铁路公司；许多受制的托运人担心，随着Norfolk Southern公司和CSX对市场的控制力加强，托运人将承担余下的费用。据此可知，受控制的托运人担心铁路部门的合并。D项为正确答案。
3.从第三段可以推知，______。
A.如果没有竞争对手，铁路公司向托运者索取的费用将少一些
B.不久，全国将只剩下一家铁路公司
C.被索价过多的托运人不可能上诉减少费率
D.政府部门保证在铁路经营中实行公平竞争
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，铁路业规模空前的合并意味着，大多数托运人将由唯一的一家铁路公司提供服务；铁路公司向这样“受制的”托运人收取的费用比有别的铁路公司竞争时多20％～30％；那些觉得被索价过高的托运人有权向联邦政府的水陆运输委员会投诉，要求降低费率，但是这种过程既费钱也费时间，只有在极端情况下才有效。据此可知，托运人上诉的可能性不大。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.单词arbiters（第四段第六行）最可能意指那些_________。
A.像协调员一样的工作者 B.行使法官职能者
C.监督交易者 D.决定价格者
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第四段。从中可知，这是一种许多经济学家都赞成的理论，但实际上，这使得铁路公司可以决定哪些公司会兴旺，哪些公司会倒闭；经常为托运人作代理的华盛顿律师问道：“难道我们真的要让铁路公司成为决定市场上谁兴谁衰的仲裁人吗？”据此可知，arbiters的意思应该是“裁决者”。B项的“行使法官职能者”与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.依照本文的观点，铁路业的成本增加主要是由_________引起的。
A.持续的合并 B.日益繁忙的运输
C.令人鼓舞的华尔街股市 D.萎缩的市场
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，许多受制的托运人也担心将受到又一轮费用大幅度增加的打击；就整个铁路行业来说，尽管出现好的转机，但其收入仍不足以支付它必须用于维持日益增加的运输而投入的资金；而且，铁路公司仍在借贷数十亿的资金以相互兼并，华尔街则在旁边为他们鼓气；接着举例说：Norfolk Southern公司和CSX投入了10.2亿美元兼并了联合铁路公司，联合铁路公司在1996年的净运营收入只有4.27亿美元，不到交易的运输成本的一半，那么，谁来支付余下的费用呢？许多受制的托运人担心，随着Norfolk Southern公司和CSX公司对市场的控制力加强，托运人将承担余下的费用。据此可知，铁路部门成本增加的主要原因是进一步的合并。A项的“持续的合并”与文章意思相符，因此为正确答案。
Text 7
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability."Businesses need to feel they can trust the passway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's website. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a website selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
1.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business_______.
A.has been striving to expand its market B.intended to follow a fanciful fashion
C.tried but in vain to control the market D.has been booming for one year or so
2.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that_______.
A.the technology is popular with many Web users
B.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
C.there is a radical change in strategy
D.it is accessible limitedly to established partners
3.In the view of Net purists,_______.
A.there should be no marketing messages in online culture
B.money making should be given priority to on the Web
C.the Web should be able to function as the television set
D.there should be no online commercial information without requests
4.We learn from the last paragraph that_______.
A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
B.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
C.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
D.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
5.The best title for this article is "_______".
A.Development of Web Business B.About Internet Commerce
C.About Push Strategy D.About Online Transaction
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a website selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是“The examples...show that...”。that引导了一个宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中，主语是a website，谓语是will attract，宾语是online customers。现在分词短语selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity，hospitality，and security作定语修饰a website。
［参考译文］Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（两个网站的名称）以及另外的先行者的例子说明：如果一个网站销售对路产品，再加上互相交流、礼貌周到、安全可靠等因素，将同样能吸引网上客户。
全文参考译文
网上交易的头一两年中，大部分业务活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行的。最近，随着网络被证明了不是一时的流行后，公司间才开始在网上交易产品和提供服务。公司间的这种交易方式能达成是因为商人一般都知道自己所寻找的产品。
然而，许多公司因为怀疑网络的可靠性而对使用网络犹豫不决。Forrester研究中心的资深分析家Blane Erwin说：“商业伙伴双方需要找到他们可以信赖的销售商和供应商之间的途径。”有些公司为了降低风险，只与那些被允许进入本公司内部网的固定贸易伙伴进行在线交易。
互联网商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。直到最近，互联网上的营销活动注重的是“吸引”顾客到网站的策略。可就在去年，软件公司开发出了新技术，这种技术可以使公司把信息直接“推销”给顾客——将销售信息直接传送给特定用户。最突出的例子是PointCast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以订制他们想要的信息，然后直接进入某公司的网站。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司已经开始使用相似的策略将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他商业活动的信息“推”向用户。可是，推销策略让很多网上用户生厌。在线文化重视这样的理念——信息应传送给那些提出需要的用户。一旦商业广告不请自来地充斥了电脑屏幕，网络与电视就没有区别了。这样的前景令网络净化者感到可怕。
但是，网上公司即使不使用“推销”策略也肯定能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（两个网站的名称）以及另外的先行者的例子说明：如果一个网站销售对路的产品，再加上互相交流、礼貌周到、安全可靠等因素，将同样能吸引网上客户。计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于任何在网上建立专门零售部的企业来说都是个好兆头。只要回顾一下过去5～10年的历史，人们或许会感到迷惑：尝试在线服务的公司为何这么少呢？
题目答案与解析
1.我们从文章的开头了解到，网上业务_________。
A.一直在努力开拓其市场 B.打算遵循一种奇异的风尚
C.企图控制市场，但是徒劳无功 D.已经蓬勃发展了大约一年的时间
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，网上业务开始的第一年左右，大部分业务活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。据此可知，网上业务刚开始时，其业务活动主要是开拓消费者市场。A项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.作者谈到可用于营销的在线技术时暗示了_________。
A.这种技术受到许多网络用户的喜爱 B.商家对在线交易的可靠性有信心
C.交易的策略发生了根本变化 D.在线技术只限于固定合作伙伴使用
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，互联网商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关；直到最近，互联网的营销活动注重的是“吸引”顾客到网站的策略；然而，过去一年，软件公司开发出了新的技术，这种技术可以使公司把信息直接“推销”给顾客——把销售信息直接传送给特定用户；用户可以定制他们想要的信息，然后直接进入某公司的网站。据此可知，过去一年里，在线的营销技术发生了变化。C项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.依照网络净化者的观点，_________。
A.在线文化领域不应该有营销信息 B.在网上赚钱应该被赋予优先权
C.网络应该能够像电视那样起作用 D.没有要求就不应该提供在线商业信息
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，在线文化高度重视这样的理念——信息应传送给那些提出需要的用户；一旦商业广告不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视之间就没有区别了；这样的前景令网络净化者们感到可怕。据此可知，网络净化者们认为，商业促销信息不应该未经许可就充斥电脑屏幕，应该根据具体要求而提供信息。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.我们从最后一段了解到_________。
A.对于网络商业来说，在网上推销信息至关重要
B.对于在线顾客来说，互相交流、礼貌周到以及安全可靠非常重要
C.走在前头的公司几十年前就开始涉足在线业务
D.在网上建立专门零售部与电脑的成本没有关系
【答案】B
【解析】从文章最后一段的内容可知，网络公司并不是非得使用推销策略来赚钱不可；Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. Com以及其他网络先驱的例子表明——如果一个网站销售对路的产品，再加上互相交流、礼貌周到、安全可靠等因素，将同样能吸引网上客户；并且计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于任何在网上建立专门零售部的企业来说都是一个好兆头；只要回顾过去的5～10年的历史，人们或许会感到迷惑——尝试在线服务的公司为什么这么少呢？据此可知，网络公司要想吸引网上顾客，除了使用推销策略之外，更重要的是对路的产品、互相交流、礼貌周到、安全可靠等这些因素。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.本文最佳标题是“________”。
A.网络经营的发展 B.互联网商业 C.推动战略 D.在线交易
【答案】A
【解析】本文的主要内容是讲述通过网络进行商业经营的问题。其他标题的覆盖范围都过于狭窄。
Text 8
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994, the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In 1995, in fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, has historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
1.From the passage we learn that_______.
A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
B.economy will always follow certain models
C.the economic situation is better than expected
D.economists had foreseen the present economic situation
2.According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A.Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
3.The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (Line 5, Para. 3) means that_______.
A.the low inflation rate will last for some time
B.the inflation rate will soon rise
C.the inflation will disappear quickly
D.there is no inflation at present
4.The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
A.critical of B.puzzled by C.disappointed at D.amazed at
5.Which country suffered less from inflation?
A.America B.Britain C.Japan D.Britain and Japan
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Average inflation fell to 2.3％，后面的两个分句都是补充、修饰这句话的。close to意为“接近于”，before在这里意为“之后”，即“后来到了7月份就稍稍上升了”。
［参考译文］去年七大工业国经济的平均通货膨胀率降到了2.3％，接近30年以来的最低水平，今年7月才仅仅达到2.5％。
［长难例句］Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
［结构分析］本句由一个附带原因状语从句的复合句组成。在后面的分句当中，and especially America's作插入语，that引导的是宾语从句。
［参考译文］特别让经济学家感到惊讶的是，英美两国的通货膨胀率带来的是有利结果，因为传统的衡量办法表明，两国经济尤其是美国的经济几乎没有出现生产迟缓的现象。
全文参考译文
许多描述金融政策的词语，像“指导经济软着陆”或“经济刹车”，使人听起来觉得它仿佛是一门精确的科学。事实并非如此。利率与通货膨胀之间的联系是不确定的。政策变化对经济产生的任何影响之前，会出现较长时间且易变的滞后期。因此人们将金融政策的执行比做驾驶一辆挡风玻璃发黑、后视镜破碎而且驱动轮不灵便的汽车。
尽管有这么多不利因素，但近来主要的银行家们好像有许多可以夸耀的东西。去年七大工业国经济的平均通胀率降到了2.3％，接近30年以来的最低水平，今年7月才仅仅达到2.5％，这比许多国家20世纪70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数通胀率低很多。
这也比大多数预言家所预测的要低。每月都要邀请一些经济专家座谈的《经济学家》杂志，在1994年底邀请的经济专家们说，1995年美国的平均通胀率将达到3.5％。事实上，在8月份就降到了2.6％，而且，预计全年的平均通胀率只在3％左右。在英国和日本通胀率比去年年底预测的低半个百分点。这不是暂时的现象，在过去两年里，英国和美国的通胀率一直比预计的要低。
特别让经济学家感到惊讶的是，英美两国的通胀率带来的是有利结果，因为传统的衡量办法表明，两国经济尤其是美国的经济几乎没有出现生产迟缓的现象。比如，在今年初，美国的生产力利用率创历史新高，而失业率（8月份为5.6％）却比大多数人预测的自然失业率要低——在过去，失业率一低于此，通胀率就会上升。
为什么通货膨胀没起什么作用？遗憾的是，最令人振奋的解释也是不完善的。某些经济学家认为，世界强大的结构变化已结束了原有的基于经济增长和通货膨胀的历史联系的经济模式。
题目答案与解析
1.我们从本文可以了解到_________。
A.通货膨胀和利率有明确的关系 B.经济将总是遵循特定的模式
C.经济形势比预期的好 D.经济学家早已预见了现在的经济形势
【答案】C
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，利率与通货膨胀之间的联系并不稳定；政策变动对经济产生影响之前，有一段时间长且易变的滞后期；因此，出现了这样的类比——将管理金融政策比做驾驶一辆挡风玻璃发黑、后视镜破碎并且驱动轮不灵便的汽车；从文章第二段的内容可知，尽管有这些不利条件，但是最近，主要的银行家似乎有不少值得夸耀的东西；七大工业国家的平均通胀率下降了，接近三十年来的最低水平，比许多国家20世纪70年代和80年代早期经历过的两位数的通胀率要低很多；从文章第三段的内容可知，这一数字也比大多数预测人员的预测低；从文章第四段的内容可知，英美两国良好的通胀率尤其令经济学家感到惊异，两国的经济，尤其是美国的经济，几乎没有停滞；文章在最后一段总结到：为什么通胀率没起什么作用呢？一些经济学家认为，旧的经济模式以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史联系为基础，但是世界经济结构所发生的巨大变化已经打破了这种模式。据此可知，英、美两国目前的经济形势比预计的状况要好。C项与文章的意思相符。A项之意与文章第一段第三句话的意思不符。B项不正确，依据是文章最后一段的最后一句“旧的经济模式以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史联系为基础，但是世界经济结构所引起的巨大变化已经打破了这种模式”。D项明显与文章第三、第四段第一句话的意思不符。综上所述，只有C项为正确答案。
2.依据本文的观点，以下面说法中正确的是哪项？
A.制定金融政策类似于开车。 B.极低的失业率将引发通货膨胀。
C.通货膨胀将导致高失业率。 D.利率对经济有直接影响。
【答案】B
【解析】本题中，A项不正确，文章第一段最后一句话只是将管理金融政策比做驾驶汽车，并不是说制定金融政策就像开车；C项明显不符合文章的意思；D项不正确，从文章第一段的第三、四句话可知，利率与通货膨胀之间的联系并不稳定，政策变动对经济产生影响之前，有一段时间长且易变的滞后期；从文章第四段的最后一句话可知，今年早些时候，美国的生产力利用率创历史新高，而失业率却比大多数预测的自然失业率要低——过去，失业率一低于此，通货膨胀率就会上升。据此可知，如果失业率低就会导致通货膨胀。B项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.句子“This is no flash in the pan”（第三段第五行）意指_________。
A.低通胀率将持续一段时间 B.通胀率不久将上升
C.通货膨胀将很快消失 D.目前没有通货膨胀
【答案】A
【解析】本题中，B项和C项之意明显与文章的意思不符。D项不正确，文中只是说“通胀率低”，并没有说没有通胀。从文章第三段的内容可知，通胀率也比大多数预测人员的预测低；由经济学家组成的专门研究小组说，美国1995年的平均通胀率将达到3.5％，而实际上，通胀率8月份就降到2.6％，并且全年的平均通胀率有望达到大约3％的水平；在英国和日本，通胀率比去年年底预测的要低0.5％；这不是暂时的现象；在过去的两年里，英国和美国的通胀率一直比预测的低。据此可知，英美两国的通胀率低并不是偶然现象，而是一直比预测的低，并且可能持续一段时间。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.本文显示出作者对目前的形势_________。
A.持批评态度 B.感到困惑 C.感到失望 D.感到惊讶
【答案】D
【解析】本题中，A项和C项之意明显与文章的意思不符。B项不正确，文中是说对良好的通胀率感到惊异，并不是说感到困惑。从文章第二段的内容可知，通胀率比许多国家20世纪70年代和80年代早期经历过的两位数的通胀率要低很多。从文章第四段的内容可知，英美两国良好的通胀率尤其令经济学家感到惊异，两国的经济，尤其是美国的经济，几乎没有停滞。从文章最后一段的内容可知，为什么通货膨胀率如此和缓呢？不幸的是，即使最令人振奋的解释也不怎么完美。据此可知，作者认为当前的经济形势出人意料。D项与文中意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.哪个国家较少地遭受通货膨胀的影响？
A.美国。 B.英国。 C.日本。 D.英国和日本。
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查细节问题。从第三段的后半部分可以找到答案。
Text 9
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1.In Line 7, Para. 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means_______.
A.Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
B.Americans tend to overstate their incomes
C.Americans want to have their incomes increased
D.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that_______.
A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
B.consumers can express their demands through producers
C.producers decide the prices of products
D.supply and demand regulate prices
3.According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_______.
A.private property and rights concerned B.manpower and natural resources control
C.ownership of productive resources D.free contracts and prices
4.The passage is mainly about_______.
A.how American goods are produced B.how American consumers buy their goods
C.how American economic system works D.how American businessmen make their profits
5.The price system is used to_________.
A.reflecting the demands of consumers and the respondence of the producer
B.expressing the mechanism of the market-oriented economy
C.regulating the balance of demand and supply
D.regulating the number of producers
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The American economic system is organized。介词短语around...作状语。其中，in which引导的是定语从句；what引导的从句作determine的宾语；介词by和后面的现在分词短语共同作状语；最后还有一个that引导的定语从句，用来修饰goods and services。
［参考译文］美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、市场经济组织起来的。在市场经济中，企业生产什么很大程度上是通过消费者到市场上购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。
全文参考译文
美国经济体制是围绕私有企业和市场经济组织起来的。在市场经济中，企业生产什么很大程度上是通过消费者到市场上购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。为了最大限度获取利润，私有企业主在与其他企业主竞相提供这些产品和服务。在竞争的压力下追逐利润的动机很大程度上决定提供这些商品和服务的方式。所以，在美国经济体制中，个人消费者的需求、商人获取最大利润的欲望和消费者想尽可能提高收入的购买力的愿望三者共同决定该生产什么和怎样利用资源生产产品。
市场经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者响应消费者需求的机制。在美国经济中，这种机制是通过价格体系决定的。在这种价格体系中，价格根据消费者的相对需求与生产者的供应情况或升或降。如果产品供不应求，价格就上涨，有些消费者就被排挤出市场。另一方面，一种产品生产过量导致成本下降，生产者提供的产品就会增加，相应地价格就会下跌，这就允许更多的消费者购买该产品。因此，价格是美国经济系统的调节机制。
私有企业经济的一个重要因素是个人被允许拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许雇佣劳动力，控制自然资源、生产产品，提供服务获得利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括决定产品价格或与其他私有个体自由签订合同的权利。
题目答案与解析
1.在第一段的第七行，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes的意思是_________。
A.美国人从未对他们的收入满意过 B.美国人往往夸大他们的收入
C.美国人想让他们的收入增加 D.美国人想提高收入的购买力
【答案】D
【解析】maximize：把……增加到最大限度，充分利用。maximize their income：充分利用他们的收入。D项为正确答案。
2.第二段的头两句告诉我们_________。
A.生产者可以通过机械化生产来满足消费者的需求
B.消费者通过生产者表达他们的要求
C.生产者决定产品的价格
D.供求调节价格
【答案】D
【解析】A项在文中并没有提及。B项与内容不符。C项也没有提及。D项正确。
3.根据本文，私企经济的特色是由_________ 表现出来的。
A.私有财产及相关的权利 B.人力和自然资源的支配
C.生产资料的所有权 D.自由的签约权和价格决定权
【答案】A
【解析】从文章最后一段最后一句可以得出答案。文章最后一段最后一句“在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，包括产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。”由此可知A项为正确答案。
4.本文主要是关于_________。
A.美国的产品是如何生产的 B.美国消费者是如何购买产品的
C.美国的经济体制是如何运作的 D.美国商人是如何赚取利润的
【答案】C
【解析】本题是主旨题。第一段讲述美国经济体系的构成；第二段讲市场调节的作用；第三段讲私有企业的特征。C项概括了全文的主旨。A、B、D项均属于细节。
5.价格体系用于_________。
A.反映消费者的需求和生产者的反应 B.体现市场经济机制
C.调节供求平衡 D.调整生产者的数量
【答案】A
【解析】第二段的第二句话是答案所在。对于C选项，价格体系本身不能调节供求平衡，需要对价格体系做合理的规划才行。
Text 10
Less than 40 years ago in the United States, it was common to change a one-dollar bill for a dollar's worth of silver. That is because the coins were actually made of silver. But those days are gone. There is no silver in today's coins. When the price of the precious metal rises above its face value as money, the metal will become more valuable in other uses. Silver coins are no longer in circulation because the silver in coins is worth much more than their face value. A silver firm could find that it is cheaper to obtain silver by melting down coins than by buying it on the commodity markets. Coins today are made of an alloy of cheaper metals.
Gresham's Law, named after Sir Thomas Gresham, argues that "good money" is driven out of circulation by "bad money". Good money differs from bad money because it has higher commodity value.
Gresham lived in the 16th century in England where it was common for gold and silver coins to be debased. Governments did this by mixing cheaper metals with gold and silver. The governments could thus make a profit in coinage by issuing coins that had less precious metal than the face value indicated. Because different mixings of coins had different amounts of gold and silver, even though they bore the same face value, some coins were worth more than others as commodities. People who dealt with gold and silver could easily see the difference between the "good" and the "bad" money. Gresham observed that coins with a higher content of gold and silver were kept rather than being used in exchange, or were melted down for their precious metal. In the mid-1960s when the U.S. issued new coins to replace silver coins, Gresham's law went right in action.
1.Why was it possible for Americans to use a one-dollar bill for a dollar's worth of silver?
A.Because there was a lot of silver in the United States.
B.Because money was the medium of payment.
C.Because coins were made of silver.
D.Because silver was considered worthless.
2.Today's coins in the United States are made of_______.
A.some precious metals B.silver and some precious metals
C.various expensive metals D.some inexpensive metals
3.What is the difference between "good money" and "bad money"?
A.They are circulated in different markets.
B.They are issued in different face values.
C.They are made of different amounts of gold and silver.
D.They have different uses.
4.What was the purpose of the governments issuing new coins by mixing cheaper metals with gold and silver in the 16th century?
A.They wanted to reserve some gold and, silver for themselves.
B.There was neither enough gold nor enough silver.
C.New coins were easier to be made.
D.They could make money.
5.Which of the following statements is correct according to this article?
A."Good money" refers to the gold or silver coins while the "bad money" metallic coins.
B."Good money" refers to the gold or silver coins while the "bad money" alloy coins.
C.Issuance of coin to replace the silver coins intended to save money.
D.Present coins are cheaper than its face value.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］A silver firm could find that it is cheaper to obtain silver by melting down coins than by buying it on the commodity markets.
［结构分析］本句中，主语是A silver firm，谓语动词是find，that引导的从句作宾语。在宾语从句中应用了比较级，方式状语by... 是比较的部分。
［参考译文］银制品公司会发现通过熔化银币获得银比从市场上购买要便宜。
［长难例句］Gresham's Law，named after Sir Thomas Gresham，argues that "good money" is driven out of circulation by "bad money".
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Gresham's Law...argues that...。过去分词named after... 作主语的后置定语，谓语动词argue后面接的是一个由that引导的宾语从句。
［参考译文］以托马斯·格雷欣爵士的名字命名的格雷欣法则，认为“良币”被“劣币”驱逐出流通领域。
［长难例句］Because different mixings of coins had different amounts of gold and silver, even though they bore the same face value, some coins were worth more than others as commodities.
［结构分析］该句是一个主从复合句。主句是some... commodities，从句是由because引导的原因状语从句，even though引导的是让步状语从句。
［参考译文］因为混合方法不同而不同，因此即使钱币上标识的面值一样，有些钱币也比其他的商品价值高。
全文参考译文
三十多年前，在美国，把1美元钞票换成价值1美元的银币是很平常的事情。因为当时的钱币确实是银制的。不过这种日子一去不复返了。现在银币中已经不含银了。当这种珍贵金属的价值升到高于它作为货币的面值后，它作为其他用途就更有价值了。因为钱币中的银比它的面值值钱得多，所以银币不再出现在流通领域。银制品公司会发现通过熔化银币获得银比从市场上购买要便宜。现在钱币都是用更便宜的金属合金铸造的。
以托马斯·格雷欣爵士的名字命名的格雷欣法则，认为“良币”被“劣币”驱逐出流通领域。良币有更高的商品价值是良币与劣币的区别。
格雷欣生活在16世纪的英格兰。当时降低金币或银币的成色是很普通的。政府将廉价的金属和金银混合在一起降低钱币成色。这样，政府就可以通过发行珍贵金属含量低于面值的硬币获取利益。金银含量因为混合方法不同而不同，因此即便钱币上标识的面值一样，有些钱币也比其他的商品价值高。用金银做交易的人很容易看出来“良币”和“劣币”的差异。格雷欣观察到了金银含量高的钱币更多地被保存了下来，而不是用来交换，或者被熔化提取贵重金属。20世纪60年代中期，美国发行新的钱币取代银币，格雷欣法则正式开始实施。
题目答案与解析
1.美国人可以用1美元兑换成价值1美元的银币的原因是什么？
A.因为美国当时有大量的银。 B.因为钱是付款的中介物。
C.因为硬币是由银制成的。 D.因为银被认为是没有价值的。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章第一段，从中可知，以前用1美金兑换1美金的银币是很平常的，后面紧接着作者就给出了原因——银币在当时的确是由银制作的。因此C项是正确答案。
2.美国现在的硬币是由_________ 制作的。
A.一些珍贵的金属 B.银和一些珍贵的金属
C.各种昂贵的金属 D.一些便宜的金属
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的最后一句话Coins today are made of an alloy of cheaper metals，因此D项为正确答案。
3.“良币”和“劣币”之间有什么区别？
A.它们在不同的市场流通。 B.它们发行的面值不同。
C.它们金银含量不同。 D.它们有不同的用途。
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章第二段的第二句，从中可知良币和劣币的差别在于它们有不同的商品价值，而第三段中又提到政府使用便宜的金属和金银混合以降低货币的实际价值，而且做金银交易的人可以分别出两种货币的不同。因此C项为正确答案。
4.16世纪政府发行用廉价金属和金银混制成的新型硬币的目的何在？
A.他们想自己把金银保存起来。 B.没有足够的金和银。
C.新硬币容易制作。 D.他们可以赚钱。
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章最后一段的第三句话The governments could thus make a profit in coinage by issuing coins that had less precious metal than the face value indicated，从中可知D项为正确答案。
5.依照本文意思，下面的哪个说法是正确的？
A.好钱是指银币，坏钱是指金属硬币。 B.好钱是指银币，坏钱是指合金硬币。
C.发行硬币取代银币是为了省钱。 D.现在的硬币比其面值价格低。
【答案】D
【解析】正确答案可以从第一段的后半部分里得出。选项A和选项B较牵强。
Text 11
Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.
"One man draws out the wire; another strengthens it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them."
Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins per worker. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.
There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that standing still. But division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.
1.According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to_______.
A.take advantage of the division of labor
B.introduce the division of labor into England
C.understand the effects of the division of labor
D.explain the causes of the division of labor
2.Adam Smith saw that the division of labor_______.
A.enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaply
B.increased the possible output per worker
C.increased the number of people employed in factories
D.improved the quality of pins produced
3.Adam Smith mentioned the number 4,800 in order to_______.
A.show the advantages of the division of labor
B.show the advantages of the old craft system
C.emphasize how powerful the individual worker was
D.emphasize the importance of increased production
4.According to the writer, Adam Smith's mistake was in believing that division of labor_______.
A.was an efficient way of organizing work
B.was an important development in methods of production
C.certainly led to economic development
D.increased the production of existing goods
5.Which of the following could serve as an appropriate title for the passage?
A.Adam Smith, the English Economist
B.The Theory of Division of Labor
C.Division of Labor, an Efficient Way of Organizing Work
D.Adam Smith, the Last Discoverer of Division of Labor
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that standing still.
［结构分析］本句是两个并列的句子连在一起。Adam Smith saw this是第一个句子。第二个句子则是but引出的转折部分，其中he是主语，took it for granted是谓语动词，it是形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面由that引导的两个并列从句。第一个从句是主系表结构，主语division of labor，系动词is，in itself作状语，表语则是responsible for economic growth and development；第二个从句是主谓宾结构，it作主语，谓语动词accounts for，宾语是the difference，而between expanding economies and those that standing still作后置定语，其中还有一个由that引导的定语从句修饰those。
［参考译文］亚当·斯密看到这一点，但他理所当然地认为劳动分工是经济增长和发展的根本原因，而且可以说明扩张的经济和停滞不前的经济之间存在的不同。
［长难例句］There can be no doubt that division of labor is an efficient way of organizing work.
［结构分析］本句是there be结构，no doubt作表语，that引导的从句是no doubt的同位语从句。从句中主语是division of labor，表语是an efficient way of organizing work。
［参考译文］劳动分工无疑是一种组织工作的有效方式。
全文参考译文
18世纪70年代亚当·斯密开始写作，他是最先看到劳动分工的重要性并解释了其优点的人。他用英国大头针的生产过程这个例子对其进行了说明。
一人拉出铁丝；另一人拉紧；第三个人把它割断；第四个人把它弄尖；第五个人在它的一端打磨，这样可以让它准备好接头。制作针头需要两至三道工序。把头安上是一道单独的工序，磨光这些针是另一道工序。照这样，制作大头针的工作被分成大约18道工序，在有些工厂都是由不同的工人分别完成的，虽然在其他的厂家同一个人有时要完成两或三道工序。
斯密说，10个人用这样的方法一天可以生产12磅大头针，即大约每名工人生产4800个。但是若全部的工人单独工作而不进行劳动分工的话，一天之中，没有人可以制作出20个大头针：甚至有可能一个都没有。
劳动分工无疑是一种组织工作的有效方式。更少的人可以制作更多的大头针。亚当·斯密看到这一点，但他理所当然地认为劳动分工是经济增长和发展的根本原因，并且可以说明扩张的经济和停滞不前的经济之间存在的不同。但是劳动分工并未增添新的东西，它只是让人们能够生产出更多他们已经有的产品来。
题目答案与解析
1.按照本篇文章，亚当·斯密是第一个_________ 的人。
A.利用劳动分工 B.把劳动分工引入英国
C.理解劳动分工作用 D.解释劳动分工由来
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的第一句...was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages，C项中的understand就等于原文中的see，因此C项为正确答案。
2.亚当·斯密看到劳动分工_________。
A.使工人们生产大头针速度更快，成本更便宜
B.增加了每名工人的可能产量
C.增加了工厂雇佣工人的数量
D.提高了生产的大头针的质量
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三段。从中可知，通过劳动分工工人们能极大地提高产量。因此正确答案为B。
3.亚当·斯密说起4800这一数字的目的是_________。
A.显示劳动分工的优势 B.显示旧的工艺系统的优势
C.强调工人个体是多么强大 D.强调产量增长的重要性
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照此句的下一句without division of labor, none of them could have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one，从中可知，作者用这一数字显示分工的优越性。因此A项为正确答案。
4.按照作者的观点，亚当·斯密的错误是他认为分工问题_________。
A.是组织工作的有效方式 B.是生产方式的重要发展
C.一定会导致经济的发展 D.增加了现有货品的产量
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章的最后一段的第三句，从中可得知Adam Smith“理所当然地认为分工能促进经济”以及文章的最后一句“实际上，分工只能使工人们极大地提高产量”。因此C项是正确答案。
5.下面哪一个题目最适合本篇文章？
A.英国经济学家亚当·斯密 B.劳动分工原理
C.劳动分工：一种有效的劳动组织方式 D.亚当·斯密，劳动分工的最后发现者
【答案】C
【解析】从文中内容可知，A项不够全面，作者并非是在介绍这位经济学家。B项不适合，文章主要是讲分工，但重点不在理论研究方面，而是用实例说明分工怎样提高了劳动效率。D项是明显错误的，因为文章说亚当·斯密是第一个提出分工理论的人，而不是最后一个。因此C项是正确答案。
Text 12
The London Stock Exchange has been famous as a place for men only, and women used to be strictly forbidden to enter. But the world is changing day by day, and even the Stock Exchange, which seemed to be a men's castle, is gradually opening its doors to the other sex. On l6th November, 1971, a great decision was taken. The Stock Exchange Council (the body of men that administers the Stock Exchange) decided that women should be allowed onto the new trading floor when it opened in 1973. But the "castle" had not been completely conquered. The first girls to work in "The House" were not brokers or jobbers. They were neither allowed to become partners in stockbroking firms, nor to be authorized dealers in stocks and shares. They were simply junior clerks and telephone operators.
Women have been trying to get into the Stock Exchange for many years. Several votes have been taken in "The House" to see whether the members would be willing to allow women to become members, but the answer has always been "No". There have been three refusals of this kind since l967. Now women are admitted, although in a very junior capacity. Two forms of jobbers made an application to the Stock Exchange Council to be allowed to employ girl clerks. Permission was finally given. A member of the Stock Exchange explained, after this news had been given, "The new floor is going to be different from the old one. All the jobbers will have their own stands, with space for a telephone and typewriters, therefore there will have to be typists and telephone operators. So women must be allowed in." This decision did not mean a very great victory in the war for equal rights for women. However, it was a step in the right direction. The Chairman of the new building will eventually lead to women being allowed to have full membership of the Stock Exchange. It is only a matter of time; it must happen.
1.The London Stock Exchange is famous_______.
A.for its favorable location
B.for its policy of opening its doors to women
C.because it has been a place for men only
D.because women are now beginning to enter its doors to work
2.Several votes have been taken in "The House"_______.
A.to see if women were willing to become members
B.to decide when women would be allowed into "The House"
C.to find out whether the members were willing to allow women to become members
D.to decide when to allow women onto the new trading floor
3.Which of the following is true?
A.Since l973 women have been allowed to work with the London Stock Exchange.
B.Women have always been refused participation in stock trading.
C.Women were never officially allowed to enter the Stock Exchange.
D.Men have been trying to get into the Stock Exchange.
4.What is this article about?
A.Women's place in society.
B.How the London Stock Exchange functioned in 1971.
C.How women have been struggling for full membership of the Stock Exchange.
D.How women were gradually allowed to work in the Stock Exchange.
5.What is the attitude of the author to the after woman performance in stock exchange business?
A.Neutral. B.Pessimistic. C.Optimistic. D.Indifferent.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The London Stock Exchange has been famous as a place for men only, and women used to be strictly forbidden to enter.
［结构分析］本句是个并列句。在前面的分句中，be famous as的意思是“作为……而出名”。
［参考译文］作为一个只为男人开放，而女人在过去决不允许进入的地方，伦敦证券交易所一直都很有名。
［长难例句］The Stock Exchange Council (the body of men that administers the Stock Exchange) decided that women should be allowed onto the new trading floor when it opened in 1973.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The Stock Exchange Council... decided that...。括号中是对主语的解释。that引导的宾语从句接在谓语动词decided后。在这个宾语从句中又有一个由when引导的时间状语从句。
［参考译文］证券交易委员会（一个由男性管理证券交易的团体）于1971年11月16日作出一个重要决定，那就是1973年新交易大厅开放时女性应该被允许进入交易所。
全文参考译文
作为一个只为男人开放、而女人在过去决不允许进入的地方，伦敦证券交易所一直都很有名。但世界在逐日地变化，即使是证券交易所，一座男人们的城堡，也正渐渐向女性开放大门。证券交易委员会（一个由男性管理证券交易的团体）于1971年11月16日作出一个重要决定，那就是1973年新交易大厅开放时女性应被允许进入交易所。但是这个“城堡”还没有被完全征服。第一批在交易所里工作的女孩不是经纪人或股票经纪人。她们既不被允许成为证券经纪公司的股东，也不能成为经授权的股票和证券交易商。她们只是低等职员和电话接线员。
多年以来，女性一直在努力进入证券交易所。交易所举行了几次投票表决来看看成员们是否愿意允许女性的加入，可是答案总是“不”。自从1967年以来，就已有三次这样的反对。现在女性被允许进入，尽管在数量上很少。两种股票经纪人向证券交易委员会申请允许雇佣女性职员。最终得到了批准。在消息发布后，一位委员会的成员解释说“新的场地和旧的完全不同”，以后所有的股票经纪人将会有自己的位置，有放置电话和打字机的空间。因此，就需要打字员和电话接线员。所以不得不允许女性进入。这个决定并不意味着在女性争取平等权利的战争中取得了伟大的胜利。但是这是向正确的方向迈进了一步。新交易所的主席最终能够让女性取得股票交易的正式成员资格。这仅仅是时间问题，一定能够实现。
题目答案与解析
1.伦敦证券交易所因_________ 而著名。
A.它的好位置 B.它向女性开发的制度
C.它是男性的专属领地 D.女性开始进门工作
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章的第一句话...has been famous as a place for men only，因此C项为正确答案。
2.在交易所内进行了几次投票，目的是为了_________。
A.看看女性是否希望成为其会员
B.决定是否允许女性进入交易所
C.看看其成员是否愿意允许女性成为交易所会员
D.决定是否允许女性进入这个新的交易场所
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是第二段的第二句...to see whether the members would be willing to allow...，从中可知C项为正确答案。
3.下面正确的是哪项？
A.自从1973年，女性被允许在伦敦证券交易所工作。
B.女性以前总是被拒绝参加股票交易。
C.女性从来没有被正式允许进入股票交易领域。
D.男性曾经试图进入股票交易领域。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照第一段中间的一句话The Stock Exchange Council... 1973，从中可知A项为正确答案。
4.本文是关于什么的？
A.女性的社会地位。
B.伦敦证券交易所是怎样在1971年成立的。
C.女性是怎样努力争取成为伦敦证券交易所正式会员的。
D.女性是如何一步一步被允许在伦敦证券交易所工作的。
【答案】D
【解析】从文中内容可知，A、B两项与文章无关。C项应排除，本文重点并不是讲述妇女如何斗争，如何争取进入证券交易所，而是讲述证券交易所的理事会怎样阻挠妇女进入证券交易所，但同时又不得不逐步退让，让妇女进入交易所工作。只有D为正确答案。
5.作者对以后妇女在证券交易行业发展的态度是什么？
A.中性的。 B.悲观的。 C.乐观的。 D.冷漠的。
【答案】C
【解析】文章最后一句话标明了作者的态度。
Text 13
When they advise your kids to "get an education" if you want to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not too much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.
Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you are occupationally dead, unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison and you can successfully drop out in grade school.
Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and only from a first-rate university. Beyond this, the famous law of diminishing returns begins to take effect.
Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn more a year than full professors? Yes, the average salary in 1977 for those truckers was $24,000, while the full professors managed to average just$23,930.
A Ph.D.is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, you are facing a dim future. There are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than in any other part of the world by far.
If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political science or languages or — worst of all — in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.
Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cabs, waiting on tables and filling out fruitless applications month after month. And then maybe taking a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.
You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.
1.According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who_______.
A.will not be a shame to the society B.will become loyal citizens
C.can take care of themselves D.can meet the demands as a source of manpower
2.Many Ph.D.s are out of job because_______.
A.they are wrongly educated B.they are of little commercial value to the society
C.there are fewer jobs in high schools D.they prefer easy jobs with more money
3.The nation is only interested in people_______.
A.with diplomas B.specialized in physics and chemistry
C.valuable to the gross national product D.both A and C
4.Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Bernard Shaw didn't finish high school, nor did Edison.
B.One must think carefully before going for a master's degree.
C.The higher your educational level, the more money you will earn.
D.If you are educated too much, you'll make things difficult for the society.
5.What is the attitude of the author to the education?
A.Education is necessary but not crucial. B.Higher education isn't equal to the higher income.
C.Education works not so good as technique. D.A Ph.D.can only work in schools or colleges.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not too much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.
［结构分析］本句是主系表结构。what引导的名词从句作主语，系动词是is，to do不定式作表语。在这个不定式中，动词get的宾语有两个，一个是enough education...，一个是not too much...，而enough education的宾语补足语是to provide...。
［参考译文］他们真实的意思是受到足够的教育可以为社会提供劳动力，可不要过度，否则你就只能在社会中困窘不堪。
［长难例句］Without that, you are occupationally dead, unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison and you can successfully drop out in grade school.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是...you are occupationally dead...。without that是一个条件状语，后面也是一个由unless引导的条件状语从句，unless引导的条件状语是由两个并列的句子构成的。
［参考译文］没有中学文凭，你就会没有工作，除非你碰巧是大名鼎鼎的乔治·萧伯纳或是托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生，并且成功地从中小学辍学。
［长难例句］A Ph.D.is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, you are facing a dim future.
［结构分析］本句的主干是A Ph.D.is the highest degree..., but... you are facing a dim future。在第一个分句中，you can get是一个定语从句修饰前面的degree。在第二个分句中，except引导的介宾短语作条件状语，in...作except的宾语。在英语语法中，常见到介词后面接介词短语的情况。physics or chemistry后面是关系副词where引导的非限定性定语从句。
［参考译文］你能得到的最高学位是博士学位，可除非学习个别专业，诸如能把学位应用于工商业的物理或化学，否则你的前途就会很黯淡。
全文参考译文
如果你要提高收入，他们就会建议你的孩子去“接受教育”，这种建议只对了一半。他们真实的意思是受到足够的教育可以为社会提供劳动力。可不要过度，否则你就只能在社会中困窘不堪。
至少应该获得中学文凭，否则你会没有工作，除非你碰巧是大名鼎鼎的乔治·萧伯纳或是托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生，并且成功地从中小学辍学。
若可能的话，要得到大学文凭。拥有了大学文凭，你就像上了“发射台”。不过此时，你就应该“刹车”了。如果你想申请硕士学位，那最好是一流大学的MBA。否则，再往后，著名的报酬递减率就会起作用了。
举例来说，你知道长途运输司机的年收入就比正教授高吗？没错，那些卡车司机1977年的平均收入是2.4万美金，而教授的收入平均是2.393万美金。
你能得到的最高学位是博士学位，可除了学习个别专业，诸如能把学位应用于工商业的物理或化学，你的前途就很黯淡。到目前为止，这个国家里失业或是收入低的博士要比世界上其他地区多得多。
假如你成为一名研究英语、历史、人类学、政治、语言或者——最糟糕的——哲学的博士，你就有危险受到过度教育而超出了国家的需要。提醒你，不是超出了我们自身的需求，而是超出了国家对我们的需求。
成千上万的博士或者卖鞋、开出租车，或者月复一月地坐在办公桌旁填写一些没用的表格。也可能在一些中学或没有前途的大学当差，挣的钱比看门人还要少得多。
你可以将收入的高低和受教育的高低对等起来，即让你能够为提高国民生产总值有点用处的教育就已足够，而不要受过度的教育，以至于没有人能够从你身上得到利润。
题目答案与解析
1.按照作者的观点，培养出_________ 的人是社会对教育的期望。
A.不会成为社会羞耻 B.将成为忠诚的城市人
C.能够自我照顾 D.可以满足人力资源需求
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是第一段的最后一句话just enough education to provide manpower for your society，因此D项为正确答案。
2.很多博士生无法找到工作的原因是_________。
A.他们受到了错误的教育 B.他们对社会缺乏社会商业价值
C.高校中的工作职位太少 D.他们更喜欢挣钱多的简单工作
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是第五段的第一句A Ph.D.is the highest degree you can get, but except in a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry, where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes，据此可知，他们的学识不能很快应用在工业或商业上。因此B项为正确答案。
3.这个国家仅仅对_________ 人感兴趣。
A.有学位的 B.物理或化学专业的
C.对国民生产总值有用的 D.A和C类
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段和第三段。这两段告诉我们，社会对有文凭的人感兴趣。但我们不能选择A项，因为文中也提到有些学历太高的人，社会也不需要，有的是卖鞋、开出租车和当看门人的博士。再参照最后一段，对国民生产总值有价值的人才能获得较高的收入，因此C项也对。所以D项为正确答案。
4.下面各项中不正确的是哪项？
A.萧伯纳或是爱迪生都没有上完高中。 B.申请硕士学位前必须仔细考虑一下。
C.受到的教育水平越高，赚的钱越多。 D.如果你受了过度教育，你将给社会制造麻烦。
【答案】C
【解析】从文中内容可知，你有可能受教育过度。对国民生产总值有价值的人才能获得较高的收入。又根据第四段里讲到的例子——卡车司机的收入比教授的高，因此C项为正确答案。
5.作者对教育的态度是什么？
A.教育是必需的但不是决定性的。 B.受教育水平高不等于收入水平高。
C.教育不如技术好使。 D.哲学博士只能在学校工作。
【答案】A
【解析】其他选项都过于绝对。
Text 14
Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt "the win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B's. The world needs all types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_______.
A.impatient B.considerate C.aggressive D.agreeable
2.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_______.
A.the pressure is too great on the students B.some students are bound to fail
C.failure rates are too high D.the results of examinations are doubtful
3.The selection of medical professionals is currently based on_______.
A.candidates' sensitivity B.competitive spirit
C.academic achievements D.surer values
4.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_______.
A.the personality of a child is well established at birth
B.family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics
C.the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
D.B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
5.The best title for this article is "_______".
A.Personality Acquisition B.Effects of Environment
C.Competition in School D.Cooperation of Inherence and Environment
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system。主句中，for与后面的现在分词短语构成介宾短语，作定语；in which引导的是非限制性定语从句，其中还有一个比较级better than。
［参考译文］目前热衷于让孩子们与同学或与时间竞争产生了一种双层机制，在这种体制中，竞争型的A型性格的孩子在某种程度上似乎比B型性格的学生表现要好。
全文参考译文
性格在很大程度上是与生俱来的。A型性格的父母通常会有A型性格的后代，但是环境也必定有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那么竞争很可能成为孩子成长中的一个重要因素。
孩子形成A型性格的一个地方是学校，学校就其本质而言是一个存在高度竞争的机构。有太多学校采纳“不惜一切取得成功”作为道德标准，并用成绩衡量孩子的成败。目前热衷于让孩子们与同学或与时间竞争产生了一种双层机制，在这种体制中，竞争型的A型性格的孩子在某种程度上似乎比B型性格的学生表现要好。太想获胜可能导致危险的结局：记得第一个跑马拉松的人费迪皮迪兹，说完“欢呼吧，我们胜利啦！”之后几秒便倒地而亡。
到目前为止，学校里最严重的竞争形式就是不恰当地强调考试。让学生集中精力做他们能做好的事，这类学校已很少见了。用考试来竞争的优点有点令人质疑，但明知会失败却还要竞争则是肯定有害的。
显然，把所有A型性格的孩子变成B型性格的孩子既不现实，也不合理。世界需要各种性格的人，学校的一个重要职责就是使孩子的性格适合未来可能从事的职业。这是最佳管理模式。
如果学校对课业的重视减少一些，或许有更多的时间教孩子们一些更有价值的东西，也许对护理行业，特别是对医学人员的选择较少看重化学成绩，更多考虑其敏感性及同情心会更合理一些。只从A型性格的人中挑选医生肯定是个错误。B型性格的人同样重要，应当受到鼓励。
题目答案与解析
1.根据本文，A型性格的人通常是_________。
A.没有耐心的 B.考虑周到的 C.有进取心的/好争斗的 D.使人愉快的
【答案】C
【解析】从第二段第一句“孩子形成A型性格的一个地方是学校，学校就其本质而言是一个存在高度竞争的机构”可知，C项为正确答案。
2.作者对学校考试的做法强烈反对的原因是_________。
A.对学生压力太大 B.一些学生必定会失败（不及格）
C.不及格率太高 D.考试结果令人怀疑
【答案】B
【解析】本题问作者强烈反对学校考试的做法的原因。参看第三段第三句“用考试来竞争的优点有点令人质疑，但明知会失败却还要竞争是肯定有害的”，即作者认为学校的考试是一种竞争，有人会成功，有人会失败。这和B项一致。A项和C项在文中未提及。D项与第三段第三句“用考试来竞争的优点有点令人质疑”不一致。
3.目前医学界人员的选择是根据_________。
A.候选人的敏感性 B.竞争精神 C.学业成就 D.更高的价值
【答案】C
【解析】从最后一段第二句“也许对护理职业， 特别是对医学界人员的选择较少侧重于化学成绩，更多考虑其敏感性及同情心会更好一些”可知，C项为正确答案。
4.从文中我们能够得出结论：______。
A.孩子的性格生来就已确定 B.家庭的影响对塑造孩子的性格起着重要的作用
C.一个人个性的发展受多种因素的影响 D.B型性格的人在社会竞争中无法立足
【答案】C
【解析】本题为推论题。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生性格形成的影响。综观全文我们知道，性格的发展是受先天和环境等多种因素影响的。C项为正确答案。
5.本文的最好标题是“________”。
A.人格形成 B.环境的作用 C.学校中的竞争 D.遗传和环境的共同作用
【答案】D
【解析】文章的第一段讲述了全文的主题思想。其余的选项其内涵都过于狭窄。
Text 15
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rest sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So shortsighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
1.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
A.A kind of overlooked inequality. B.A type of conspicuous bias.
C.A type of personal prejudice. D.A kind of brand discrimination.
2.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.
B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
3.The 4th paragraph suggests that_______.
A.questions are often put to the more intelligent students
B.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
C.teachers should pay attention to all of their students
D.students should be seated according to their eyesight
4.What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Line 2, Para. 5)?
A.They are getting impatient. B.They are noisily dozing off.
C.They are feeling humiliated. D.They are busy with word puzzles.
5.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
B.VIPs in the Western word gain a great deal from alphabetism.
C.The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是this...refers to discrimination。for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage作全句的状语；as yet unaware of such a disadvantage作定语修饰those people。as yet的意思是“到目前为止（仍），现在还，至今”。against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet是修饰discrimination的定语，由whose surnames引导的定语从句修饰those。
［参考译文］对于那些至今尚未意识到这种不利因素的人来说，它指的是一种对姓氏首字母排在字母表后半部分的人的歧视。
全文参考译文
在过去的一个世纪，所有的不平等和歧视都受到谴责或被视为违法。但一种阴险的形式继续流行开来：字母歧视。对于那些至今尚未意识到这种不利因素的人来说，它指的是一种对姓氏首字母排在字母表后半部分的人的歧视。
很久之前人们就知道，当客户在翻看他们的电话簿时，叫做AAAA汽车的出租车公司比Zodiac汽车公司有更大的优势。不那么为人所知的是Adam Abbott 比Zoe Zysman在生活中所具有的优势。英语名字按字母表相当均匀地分布。但难以置信的是有很大数量的上层人士，其姓氏是以A到K的字母开头的。
同样美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别以B和C开头，并且在乔治·布什的前任总统中（包括他父亲），有26人其姓氏是以字母表前半部分开头的，姓氏以字母表后半部分开头的仅有16人。更惊人的是，七国集团富裕国的政府首脑有6位的姓氏有字母表顺序优势（Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，Chretien和Koizumi）。世界的3个顶级中央银行家（Greenspan，Duisenberg和Hayami）的姓氏都以字母表最前面的字母开头，即使他们中有一人实际上用的是日本字符。世界上最富有的5个人（Gates，Buffett，Allen，Ellison和Albrecht）的姓氏也是如此。
这仅是巧合吗？一种由处于字母表不利位置的人在空闲时间构思出的理论认为，这种情况早就存在。在幼儿园第一年的开始阶段，老师按学生姓氏的字母表顺序由前往后安排座位，这样比较容易记住学生的名字。所以眼睛近视的Zysman只能坐在后排，并且很少被那些感觉迟钝的老师问一些有质量的问题。那时处于字母表不利位置的学生可能觉得他们很幸运，可以逃避老师的提问。但结果可能更糟，因为他们很难得到个人关注，同时在公共场合讲话时也缺乏自信。
这种耻辱继续着。在大学毕业典礼上，姓氏以A、B、C等前面字母开头的学生可以首先自豪地得到奖励，轮到Zysman时，大多数人都在打瞌睡了。求职者面试的顺序、投票选举名单，会议演讲者和出席者的名单列表，都会按字母顺序列出，随着他们的收件人按字母顺序查看这些名单，他们就会慢慢失去兴趣。
题目答案与解析
1.作者用AAAA cars和Zodiac cars汽车公司为例，意欲说明什么？
A.一种被人们忽视的不平等。 B.一种显而易见的偏见。
C.一种个人偏见。 D.一种少见的歧视。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段和第二段。从文章的第一段可知，一种隐秘的不公平和歧视继续盛行——按字母排序；第二段接着讲到，人们早就知道，当乘客通过电话本叫出租车时，一家名为“AAAA”的出租车公司所具有的优势就比一家名为“Zodiac”的汽车公司大；人们不太知晓的是这样的有利条件——在生活中，Adam Abbott比Zoe Zysman有优势。据此可知，作者举“AAAA cars”和“Zodiac cars”汽车公司为例是为了说明——人们忽视了一种隐秘的不公平和歧视。因此A项为正确答案。
2.我们从文章的前三段中可以推知什么？
A.不管是在东方还是在西方，姓名对于成功至关重要。
B.人们指责字母表导致姓氏靠后者的失败。
C.消费者通常非常注重公司的名字。
D.某种歧视太细微因而难以辨别。
【答案】D
【解析】从文章的第一、第二、第三段的内容可知，过去，各种各样的不公平和歧视受到人们的谴责或是被视为违法；但是，一种隐秘的不公平和歧视继续盛行；人们早就知道，当乘客通过电话本叫出租车时，名为“AAAA”的出租车公司所具有的优势就比名为“Zodiac”的汽车公司大；人们不太知晓的是这样的有利条件——在生活中，Adam Abbott比Zoe Zysman有优势；然后举例说明，指出有些人有字母方面的优势。据此可知，由于某些隐秘的不公平和歧视太细微，所以难以被人们关注。因此D项为正确答案。
3.第四段暗示_________。
A.更聪明的学生经常被提问 B.不具备字母优势的学生经常逃课
C.老师应该关注所有学生 D.应该根据学生的视力来给他们排座位
【答案】C
【解析】文章第四段讲道，这只能算是巧合吗？一种理论认为，这种情况早就存在；在幼儿园的起始阶段，老师根据字母顺序从前到后给学生排座位，一些近视的、姓氏靠后的幼儿不得不坐在后排，那些不敏感的老师很少向这些幼儿提一些有助于提高的问题；那时，那些不具备字母优势的人可能认为他们有幸躲过了提问；结果可能会造成更严重的后果。据此可知，老师不应该忽视那些没有字母优势的学生。C项的“老师应该关注所有学生”与文章的意思相符，因此C项为正确答案。
4.作者讲“most people are literally having a ZZZ”（第五段第二至三行）的含义是什么？
A.他们变得不耐烦。 B.他们已是鼾声大作。
C.他们觉得丢脸。 D.他们忙于做字谜游戏。
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第五段的内容可知，在大学的毕业典礼上，那些姓氏靠前者首先获得奖品；等到该姓氏靠后者获奖时，大多数人都在打瞌睡了；求职面试的最后名单、投票选举单、会议发言以及参加者名单往往都是根据字母先后顺序制作的，等人们费劲地观看时，他们的兴趣也随之消失了。据此可知，该句话的意思应该是——大多数人都在打鼾。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.依照本文的观点，以下选项中正确的是哪项？
A.以N到Z为姓氏的人经常受到虐待。
B.西方世界的重要人物从以字母先后排序的做法中获得极大的好处。
C.消除以字母先后排序的运动仍然任重道远。
D.以字母先后排序的做法可能会导致无心的偏见。
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第一段的内容可知，过去，各种各样的不公平和歧视受到人们的谴责或是被视为违法；但是，有一种隐秘的不公平和歧视继续盛行——按字母排序；从第二段的内容可知，人们早就知道，当乘客通过电话本叫出租车时，名为“AAAA”的出租车公司所具有的优势就比名为“Zodiac”的汽车公司大；但是，人们不太知晓的是：在生活中，Adam Abbott比Zoe Zysman有优势；第三段举例说明；第四段接着讲到，这只能算是巧合吗？跟着举例指出：在幼儿园，老师根据字母顺序从前到后给学生排座位，结果可能会造成更严重的后果，因为这些人受到的关注更少，他们也更缺乏公开表达自己信心的机会；从文章的最后一段内容可知，这种使人蒙羞的情况还在继续。据此可知，根据字母的先后排序的做法可能无意中导致偏见。因此D项为正确答案。
Text 16
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, if the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
1.The purpose of Frederick II's experiment was_______.
A.to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
B.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
C.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
D.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
2.The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that_______.
A.they are incapable of learning language rapidly
B.they are exposed to too much language at once
C.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
D.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
3.What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that_______.
A.he is born with the capacity to speak B.he has a brain more complex than an animal's
C.he can produce his own sentences D.he owes his speech ability to good nursing
4.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
B.Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
C.The child's brain is highly selective.
D.Most children learn their language in definite stages.
5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will_______.
A.have a high IQ B.be less intelligent
C.be insensitive to verbal signals D.not necessarily be backward
长难例句分析
［长难例句］But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them.
［结构分析］本句的主干是But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child。where引导的是非限定性定语从句。
［参考译文］但是，学习语言必须加以引导，这取决于母子之间的互动效果。在他们的互动中，母亲识别出婴儿咿呀学语、抓挠及微笑的信号，并对这些信号作出反应。
全文参考译文
语言是否像食物一样，是人类的一种基本需要，没有它，孩子可能会在成长关键时期挨饿和受到损害呢？根据13世纪Frederick II 所做的大量实验可推断出，事实的确如此。为了发现孩子在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言，他让护理人员保持沉默。
所有的婴儿在一年内都死亡了。但很明显，不只是因为缺少语言。缺少的还有良好的母爱。没有良好的母爱，尤其是在生命的第一年内，婴儿的生存能力受到严重影响。
今天已不存在像Frederick所安排的那样严重缺乏的情况。尽管如此，一些孩子在语言学习方面仍很迟钝。主要原因是由于母亲对大脑已做好快速学习语言的孩子所发出的信号不敏感。如果错过这些敏感时期，那么获取技巧的理想时期就会被错过，他们再也不能如此轻松地学习。鸟在正确时期能很快地学会歌唱和飞翔，但一旦这样的关键时期被错过，学习过程就会缓慢而困难。
专家们认为，不同语言阶段都有其固定的顺序和年龄，但是，也存在这样的情形，开始说话晚的婴儿长大后却智商很高。婴儿在12周时，开始会笑并会发出类似元音的声音；在12个月时，他能讲简单的话并能理解简单的命令；18个月时，就能有3～50的词汇量。到3岁时，约认识1000个单词，并能用这些单词造句；4岁时，他的语言与其父母的差异仅表现在风格上而不是语法上面。
最新资料显示，婴儿生来就有说话的能力。与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处就在于其组成大脑的复杂系统所具有的功能。该系统能使婴儿把所见所感联系起来，例如，把玩具熊及其发音模式联系起来。更加令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能从其周围混杂的声音中识别出语言的顺序，能够分析并按新的方法组合与重组语言各个部分。
但是，学习语言必须加以引导，这取决于母子之间的互动效果。在他们的互动中，母亲识别出婴儿咿呀学语、抓挠及微笑的信号，并对这些信号作出反应。母亲对这些信号的不敏感会削弱母子间的互动效果，因为孩子不能得到鼓励就会只发出这些明显的信号。对婴儿非语言信号的敏感性对婴儿语言的形成和发展是极其必要的。
题目答案与解析
1.Frederick Ⅱ的实验的目的是_________。
A.用来证实婴儿天生具有语言的能力
B.弄清楚听不到任何人类语言时孩子会讲什么语言
C.弄清楚保育员教婴儿说话所起的作用
D.用来证实不学语言的婴儿会受到损害
【答案】B
【解析】依据文中第一段最后一句可以得出答案。文中第一段最后一句指出：“为了发现婴儿在听不到母语的情况下会讲什么语言，他要求保育员保持沉默。”B项正好与之相一致。
2.一些孩子在讲话方面迟钝最可能的原因是_________。
A.他们不能快速地学习语言
B.他们立刻接触了太多的语言
C.他们的母亲对他们说话所做的努力没有充分的反应
D.他们母亲的才智不足以帮助他们
【答案】C
【解析】从第三段第三句可以得出正确答案。文中第三段第三句指出：“其原因往往是母亲对大脑已作好快速学习语言准备的婴儿所发出的信号不敏感。”由此可知，C项为正确答案。
3.婴儿的非凡之处在于_________。
A.他天生具有语言的能力 B.他的大脑比动物的大脑复杂
C.他能发出自己的句子 D.他的语言能力归功于良好的看护
【答案】C
【解析】从第五段最后一句可以得出答案。文章第五段最后一句话指出：“更令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能从其周围杂乱的声音中识别出语言的顺序，能分析和按新的方式组合与重组语言的各个要素。”C项正好与之一致。
4.以下哪项无法从文中推出？
A.人类语言才能是天生的。
B.在婴儿学习语言的过程中，鼓励一点儿也不重要。
C.婴儿的大脑具有高度的选择性。
D.多数婴儿在一定的阶段学习语言。
【答案】B
【解析】本题为推论题。B项正好与文章内容相左。
5.如果一个婴儿开始讲话比其他婴儿晚，他将_________。
A.具有高智商 B.不聪明 C.对语言信号感觉迟钝 D.未必迟钝
【答案】D
【解析】从第四段第一句中“但是在某些情况中，开始说话晚的婴儿后来却有较高的智商”可知，D项为正确答案。
Text 17
In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 pm. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it's a matter of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A.guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example, if people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business friend waiting for an hour; it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a few words of explanation, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence.
1."The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 pm." (Line 3, Para. 1) Here"attached" means______.
A.taken B.drawn C.given D.shown
2.Supposing one wants to make a telephone call at midnight, this would mean_______.
A.the matter is less important B.the matter is somewhat important
C.the matter requires immediate attention D.it is a matter of life and death
3.According to this passage, time plays an important role in_______.
A.everyday life B.private life C.communications D.transmission
4.The best title for this passage is "_______".
A.The Voices of Time B.The Saving of Time
C.The Importance of an Announcement D.Time and Tide Wait for No Man
5.According to the passage, the author of the article may agree with which of the following statements?
A.It is appropriate to send your invitation cards three of four days before a dinner party date in the U.S.
B.It may be appropriate to send your invitation cards to your guests three or four days before a
dinner party date in some cultures.
C.It is best for one to make telephone calls at night because it costs much less.
D.If one is less than 5 minutes late, he has to make a short apology.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］In other areas of the world it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是it may be considered foolish to...。because...是原因状语从句，其主干是plans... tend to be forgotten，中间加入了由which引导的定语从句修饰plans。In other areas of the world是地点状语。
［参考译文］在世界上的其他地区，太早与人约定有可能被认为是愚蠢的，原因是为一个多星期以后的某个时间作出的计划很可能会被忘掉。
［长难例句］Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是misunderstandings arise...。between people from cultures that treat time differently作为misunderstandings的后置定语，因为太长而被放到了谓语动词arise后面。
［参考译文］所以，来自不同文化的人们对待时间也不尽相同，误解就会产生。
全文参考译文
在美国，清晨很早打电话是不礼貌的。若你一大早给某人打电话，而他正在刮胡子或吃早餐，则这个时间打电话就说明事情非常重要，需要立刻关注。晚上11点以后的电话也具有同样的意思。如果有人在睡觉时间接到电话，他肯定会认为是有生死攸关的大事。打电话所选择的时间和它的重要性有关。
时间在社交生活中也扮演着重要的角色。若宴会的邀请只提前三、四天送出，客人可能会感到他们没有受到尊重。不过并不是在所有的国家情形都这样。在世界上的其他地区，太早与人约定可能会被认为是愚蠢的，原因是为一个多星期以后的某个时间作出的计划很可能会被忘掉。时间的意义因地而异。所以来自不同文化的人们对待时间也不尽相同，误解就会产生。在美国生活中，准时是非常重要的。举例来说，如果一些人不准时，他们就会被认为是不懂礼貌或不很负责。在美国没有人会考虑让一位生意上的朋友等一个小时，这是非常不礼貌的。一个人迟到5分钟，就应该做简短的道歉。若他迟到的时间没有5分钟，即使无法自圆其说，他也会稍做解释。
题目答案与解析
1.在The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 pm.（第一段第三行）中，attached的意思是_________。
A.带走 B.拔去 C.给予 D.显示
【答案】C
【解析】attached to的意思是“把……给予，归于”，因此C项为正确答案。
2.假如有人想要半夜三更打电话，这意味着_________。
A.事情不重要 B.事情有点重要 C.事情需要马上关注 D.事情生死攸关
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的倒数第二句If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it's a matter of life and death，从中可知正确答案为D项。
3.按照本篇文章，时间在_________ 中扮演了重要角色。
A.日常生活 B.个人生活 C.交流 D.传播
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是第一段的最后一句The time chosen for the call communicates its importance，从中可知本题的正确答案为C项。
4.本篇文章最好的题目是“_________”。
A.时间的声音 B.节约时间 C.公告的重要性 D.时不我待
【答案】A
【解析】从文中内容可知，作者是在讲时间的含义。voice此处意为meaning，因此A项为正确答案。
5.按照本篇文章，作者最可能赞成以下哪项描述？
A.在美国，提前三、四天送出宴会邀请卡是合适的。
B.在某些文化中，提前三、四天给客人送出宴会邀请卡可能是合适的。
C.最好在半夜三更打电话，因为可以节省费用。
D.如果一个人迟到了不到5分钟，他必须简单地道个歉。
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是第二段的第四句In other areas of the world...tend to be forgotten，从中可知B项是正确答案。
Text 18
Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess, if they are properly used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt, children would play it until their hands were burnt away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not, a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier — and some do exist — is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.
In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be properly used. If, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you are letting fear rule you too much. Even in your house you are not absolutely safe: an airplane may crash on your house, or ants may eat away some of the beams in your roof so that the latter falls on you, or you may get cancer!
The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers; then you have to decide what action to take. In many cases, you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example, you see a car coming straight towards you; fear warns you, you jump out of the way, and all is well.
In some cases, however, you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For example, you cannot prevent an airplane crashing onto your house. In this case, fear has given you its warning; you have examined it and decided on your course of action, so fear of this particular danger is no longer of any use to you, and you have to try to overcome it.
1.Children would play with fire until their hands were burnt away if_______.
A.they were given no warning beforehand B.they had never burnt themselves
C.they had no sense of pain D.they were fearful of the fire
2.A really fearless soldier_______.
A.is of little use to the army B.is without equal
C.is nothing but a dead soldier D.easily gets killed in a battle
3.Fear should be used properly because_______.
A.an airplane may crash on your house
B.you may get cancer
C.fear can only be used as a servant and guide
D.men are now letting fear rule them too much
4.People sometimes succeed in timely avoiding danger because_______.
A.they have gained experience
B.they jump out of the way in time
C.they are calm in face of danger
D.they are warned of the danger and can take quick action
5.Implied but not stated in this passage:_______.
A.Fear is always something helpful B.Too much fear is harmful
C.Fear ought to be used as a servant and guide D.Fear is something unprofitable
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not, a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是if pain..., a child... burn..., because...。a child...是主句，if引导的是条件状语，because引导的是原因状语，
［参考译文］如果只有疼痛而没有恐惧，一个孩子会一次又一次的用火烧自己，因为恐惧不会警告他远离曾经烧到他自己的火。
［长难例句］Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Fear and pain are therefore two guards，其中fear和pain是并列主语。without在从句中和which连在一起作条件状语，which引导定语从句是用来修饰two guards。
［参考译文］所以恐惧和疼痛是两位保镖，人类和动物没有它们会很快灭亡。
［长难例句］If, for example, you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car, you are letting fear rule you too much.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是If you... because of..., you...。其中if引导的是条件状语，because of...是if从句中的原因状语，并不修饰句子的主句you...。
［参考译文］若因为害怕被车撞倒，横尸街头，你就从不走出家门，那么你受到了恐惧过分的束缚。
全文参考译文
如果恐惧和与之相伴的痛苦得到恰当的使用，它们是人类和动物所拥有的最有用的两样东西。如果孩子们没有疼痛感，他们会玩火直到烧掉双手。相同的道理，如果只有痛苦而没有恐惧，一个孩子会一次又一次地用火烧自己，因为恐惧不会警告他远离曾经烧到他自己的火。一个真正无畏的士兵——的确存在一些这样的人——不是一个好士兵，因为他很快就会被杀死；而且一个死掉的士兵对他的军队没有任何用处。所以恐惧和痛苦是两位保镖，人类和动物没有它们会很快灭亡。
在第一句话当中我们建议恐惧应当得到恰当的使用。例如，若因为害怕被车撞倒，横尸街头，你就从不走出家门，那么就受到了恐惧过分的束缚。即便在家中你也不是完全安全的：一架飞机可能会撞到你的房子，或者蚂蚁吃光了你家房顶大梁的某一部分，结果木头掉下来砸到你身上，或者你有可能得癌症！
重要的是不要让你被恐惧所控制，而是要把恐惧当做你的仆人和向导来驾驭。恐惧会警告你危险，接下来你必须决定采取何种行动。你在多数情况下能够采取快速而又成功的行动避免危险发生。比如，你看到一辆车向你直接开过来：恐惧警告你，你跳开了，则一切平安无事。
但有时你会发现，对于危险你避免不了，无能为力。比如，你无法防止一架飞机撞上你家的房子。在这种情况下，恐惧已经向你发出警告，你对此考虑后决定你要采取的一系列行动，所以这种特别的危险产生的恐惧不再对你有任何用处，你必须尽力克服它。
题目答案与解析
1.假如_________，孩子们会玩火一直到烧掉双手。
A.他们没有事先得到警告 B.他们永远不会烧到自己
C.他们没有疼痛感 D.他们怕火
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的第二句话If fire did not hurt when it burnt...。从中可知C项为正确答案。
2.一个真正勇敢无畏的士兵_________。
A.对军队没什么用 B.是无敌的
C.仅仅是一个死士兵而已 D.在战斗中很容易被打死
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的倒数第二句话A really fearless soldier... is not a good soldier because he is soon killed，从中可知D项为正确答案。A项似乎很有道理，但只要与第一段倒数第二句的后半部分仔细比较一下就会发现，A项的主语是A really fearless soldier，而原句后半部分的主语是a dead soldier，所以不能选择A项。
3.应该合理利用恐惧，因为_________。
A.飞机可能在你的房子上坠毁 B.你可能会得癌症
C.恐惧只能用来作为仆人和向导 D.人类正在被恐惧紧紧束缚
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章第三段的第一句The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear as your servant and guide。从中可知C项是正确答案。
4.有时人们能够成功逃脱危险，原因是_________。
A.他们获得了经验 B.他们跳离了道路
C.他们在危险面前保持平静 D.他们得到了危险警告并迅速反应
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照第四段。从中可知D项为正确答案。
5.本文中隐含但没有陈述的意思是_________。
A.恐惧总是有帮助的 B.太多的恐惧有害
C.恐惧应该被用来作为奴仆和向导 D.恐惧是没用的东西
【答案】B
【解析】综观全文，只有B项是文章隐含的意思，为本题正确答案。A项中有always这个副词，使该项所表达的意思走向极端，与原文的“如果能正确对待恐惧的话”意思不符。C项是文章直接表达的思想，而不是隐含的意思。D项与文章的中心思想相反。
Text 19
How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sound to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.
The power of words, then, lies in their associations — the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and dull.
1.The origin of language is_______.
A.a legend handed down from the past B.a matter that is hidden secretly
C.a question difficult to answer D.a problem not yet solved
2.One of the reasons why men invented certain sounds to express thoughts and actions was that_______.
A.they could agree upon certain signs B.they could write them down
C.they could communicate with each other D.they could combine them
3.What is true about the words?
A.They are used to express feelings only. B.They can not be written down.
C.They are simply sounds. D.They are mysterious.
4.In expressing their thoughts, great writers are able_______.
A.to confuse the readers B.to move men to tears
C.to move our actions D.to puzzle our feelings
5.Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true?
A.He is no more a master of words than an ordinary person.
B.He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music.
C.He can move men to tears.
D.His style is always charming.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sound to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down.
［结构分析］本句是主系表结构，all we really know是主语，is是系动词，that引导的从句作表语。在表语从句中，主干是men...invented...，so that they communicate...and that they agreed upon...which...。主语是men，谓语动词是invented，接下来的不定式to...作目的状语，后面so that引导的是两个并列的目的状语从句，其中第二个从句中，which引导的非限定定语从句修饰名词 letters。
［参考译文］我们只知道人类，不像动物，设法创造了某个音来表达思想和感情、行为和事物，因此他们能够互相交流；而且后来他们对某些符号达成一致意见，这些符号被称为字母，它们可以连在一起代表那些音，而且可以用笔记录下来。
［长难例句］...the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past.
［结构分析］本句是the more...the more...结构。
［参考译文］……而且我们活得越长，就有更多的一些词让我们回想起过去的悲伤与快乐。
［长难例句］Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions.
［结构分析］本句的主干是Great writers are those...，who引导关系从句修饰those，在这个关系从句中，which引导的关系从句用来修饰in的宾语words。
［参考译文］伟大的作家是那些不但有伟大的思想而且能用强烈感染我们思想感情的词语把这些思想表达出来的人。
全文参考译文
人类最开始时是如何学会创造词语的尚未可知，换句话说，语言的起源是个谜。我们仅仅知道人类，不像动物，想法创造了某个音来表达思想感情、行为和事物，因此他们能够互相交流；并且后来他们对某些符号达成一致意见，这些符号被称为字母，它们可以连在一起代表那些音，而且可以用笔记录下来。这些音，不管是口述的还是用字母写下来的，我们都称之为词。
词的力量存在于它们所引起的联系——它们能使我们大脑忆起的事物。伴着经验的增长，对于我们来说词充满意义，而且我们活得越长，就有更多的一些词让我们回想起过去的悲伤与快乐；我们读得越多，学得越多，就会知道更多对我们有意义的词。
伟大的作家是那些不但有伟大的思想而且能用强烈感染我们思想感情的词语把这些思想表达出来的人。我们把这种对词语巧妙的使用称之为文学风格。真正的诗人尤其是语言大师。他可以用那些唱起来像音乐般的词语表达他的意思，这些词语被安置的位置以及它们所带来的联想能让人感动得落泪。因此我们应该学会慎重地选择我们所用的词语并准确地使用它们，不然的话，它们会让我们的谈吐变得愚蠢而又无聊。
题目答案与解析
1.人类语言的起源是_________。
A.从过去流传下来的传说 B.秘密隐藏起的事情
C.一个难于回答的问题 D.一个还没得到解决的问题
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章第一段的第一句How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. 从中可知D项是正确答案。
2.人类发明用某种声音表达思想和行动的原因之一是_________。
A.他们可以就某些信号达成一致 B.他们可以写下来
C.他们可以互相交流 D.他们可以将它们结合起来
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照第一段的第二句，从so that所引导的状语从句so that they could communicate with each other可知，C项为正确答案。
3.下面关于词的说法中哪个正确？
A.它们仅仅被用来表达感情。 B.它们不能被写下来。
C.它们仅仅是声音。 D.它们是神秘的。
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是第一段的最后一句话Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words. 从中可知，C项为正确答案。A项不对，因为原文提过express thoughts and feelings, actions and things。B项中的not使这一选项与文中的事实相反，D项文中没有提及，原文只说过语言的起源是mysterious，而不是语言本身。
4.当表达他们思想的时候，伟大的作家能_________。
A.使读者迷惑 B.使人们感动得流泪
C.改变我们的行动 D.迷惑我们的感觉
【答案】B
【解析】本题可参照文章的最后一段。从中可知，一位真正的诗人能使人们感动得流泪，因此B项为正确答案。
5.以下关于一位真正诗人的描述中不正确的是哪一项？
A.与其说他是个语言大师，不如说他是个普通人。
B.他可以用歌唱般的语言来表达思想。
C.他可以使人感动得流泪。
D.他的风格总是很迷人。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文中最后一段的第三句Above all, the real poet is a master of words，A项与之不符，因此A项为正确答案。
Text 20
Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for adventure — those who have climbed the highest mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are people who seek an immediate excitement from a risky activity which may only last a few minutes or even seconds.
I would consider bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place (perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon) 200 meters above the ground with an elastic rope tied to your ankles. You fall at up to 150 kilometers an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is estimated that two million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.
Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modern societies has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people's lives were constantly under threat. They had to go out and hunt for food, diseases could not easily be cured, and life was a continuous battle for survival.
Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement. They live and work in comparatively safe environment; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to seek danger in activities such as bungee jumping.
1.Which of the following is the suitable title for the passage?
A.Dangerous Sports: What and Why? B.The Boredom of Modern Life
C.Bungee Jumping: Is It Really Dangerous? D.The Need for Excitement
2.More and more people today_______.
A.are trying activities such as bungee jumping
B.are climbing the highest mountains
C.are close to death in sports
D.are looking for adventures such as exploring unknown places
3.People probably take part in dangerous sports nowadays because_______.
A.they have a lot of free time B.they can go to hospital if they are injured
C.their lives lack excitement D.they no longer need to hunt for food
4.The writer of the passage has a(n)_________ attitude towards dangerous sports.
A.positive B.negative C.objective D.subjective
5.It can be inferred from the article that_________.
A.ancient people disliked dangerous sports
B.struggle for survival is important for human being to evolve
C.excitement is a kind of special experience so attractive
D.there are many ways to sense the danger in sports
长难例句分析
［长难例句］There have always been people who have looked for adventure — those who have climbed the highest mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是there have always been people...。people后面是who引导的定语从句，破折号后面的those还是指people，它后面也接有一个由who引导的定语从句。climbed, explored, sailed是这个定语从句中的三个并列的谓语动词。
［参考译文］总是有人寻求冒险——他们攀登最高的山峰，在世界未知的领域探险或是乘小舟跨越大洋。
［长难例句］Other activities which most people would say are as risky as bungee jumping involve jumping from tall buildings and diving into the sea from the top of high cliffs.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Other activities involve jumping...and diving...。which引导的定语从句修饰句子的主语other activities。在这个定语从句中，主干是which are as risky as bungee jumping，而most people would say只是一个插入语成分。
［参考译文］其他大多数人认为和蹦极一样冒险的活动包括从高楼跳下和从悬崖顶跳入海里。
［长难例句］You jump from a high place (perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon) 200 meters above the ground with an elastic rope tied to your ankles.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是You jump from a high place...。200 meters...ground是a high place的定语成分，而with短语则是整个句子的伴随状语成分。
［参考译文］你从离地面200米的高处（有可能是一座桥或是热气球）跳下，一条有弹性的绳子绑在脚踝上。
全文参考译文
世界各地愈来愈多的人正在参加危险的体育活动。当然，总是有人寻求冒险——他们攀登最高的山峰，在世界未知的领域探险或是乘小舟跨越大洋。但是现在有的人从持续时间只有几分钟或者甚至几秒钟的冒险活动中获取即时的刺激。
我认为蹦极跳就是这样一种典型的活动。你从离地面200米的高处（有可能是一座桥或是热气球）跳下，一条有弹性的绳子绑在脚踝上。你以高达每小时150千米的速度落下，直到绳子阻止你撞到地面上。估计世界各地有200万人现在已经尝试了蹦极。其他大多数人认为和蹦极一样冒险的活动包括从高楼跳下和从悬崖顶跳入海里。
为什么人们参加这样的活动呢？某些心理学家认为原因就是现代的生活已经变得安全无趣。从前人们的生命时时受到威胁。他们不得不外出觅食，疾病也很难治愈，生活就是一场无休止的生存战斗。
对于很多人来说，现在的生活缺乏刺激。他们在相对安全的环境中生活和工作；他们可以在商店中购买食物；如果生病了，有医生和医院照料他们。在蹦极这样的活动中寻求危险就是他们中一些人的排解方法了。
题目答案与解析
1.适合本文的题目是“_________”。
A.危险体育运动：是什么和为什么？ B.对现代生活的厌倦
C.蹦极跳：真的危险吗？ D.刺激的需要
【答案】A
【解析】从文中内容可知，第一段讲到全世界有越来越多的人参加各种危险的运动和活动。第二段以蹦极（bungee jumping）为例加以说明。三、四两段主要在解释人们参加这类活动的原因。只有A项能概括全文，因此是正确答案。
2.如今愈来愈多的人_________。
A.正在尝试像蹦极这样的运动 B.正在攀登最高的山峰
C.在运动中接近死亡 D.正在寻找冒险，例如探索未知地区
【答案】A
【解析】从文中内容可知，第一段第一句话就讲到全世界有越来越多的人参加各种危险的运动和活动。第二段以蹦极（bungee jumping）为例加以说明。只有A项符合文章的意思，为本题的正确答案。
3.如今人们参加危险运动的原因可能是______。
A.他们有太多的空闲时间 B.如果受伤可以去医院
C.他们的生活缺乏刺激 D.他们不再需要寻找食物
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第三、第四段。从Nowadays, according to many people, life offers little excitement可知，C项为正确答案。
4.对危险运动，本文作者所持的态度是_________。
A.肯定的 B.否定的 C.客观的 D.主观的
【答案】C
【解析】本题应在理解全文的基础上来进行判断。综观全文，作者的态度是较为客观的，因此，C项为正确答案。
5.从文章中可以推理出_________。
A.古人不喜欢危险的体育运动 B.为生存而作出的努力对人类进化很重要
C.兴奋是种很特殊的体验，因此也吸引人 D.体育运动中可以有多种方式体验危险
【答案】D
【解析】其他三个选项可能从理论上推理出来，但是本文中没有提及也得不出这样的结论。阅读理解的核心是要理解现在文章中的意思而不是自己想象、发挥出来的意思。
Text 21
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century"free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities — those of love and of reason — are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
1.By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is_______.
A.a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligible
B.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
C.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly
D.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly
2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that_______.
A.they are likely to lose their jobs
B.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
C.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
D.they are deprived of their individuality and independence
3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those_______.
A.who are at the bottom of the society
B.who are higher up in their social status
C.who prove better than their fellow-competitors
D.who could keep far away from this competitive world
4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should_______.
A.resort to the production mode of our ancestors
B.offer higher wages to the workers and employees
C.enable man to fully develop his potentialities
D.take the fundamental realities for granted
5.The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of_______.
A.approval B.dissatisfaction C.suspicion D.tolerance
长难例句分析
［长难例句］In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.
［结构分析］本句的主干是our society is becoming one of giant enterprises。句首的In general作状语。directed... 是过去分词引导的状语，其中的in which...是限定性定语从句。
［参考译文］总的看来，我们的社会正变成一个由官僚主义管理方式所控制的巨大企业。在这个企业中，人成为机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。
全文参考译文
总的看来，我们的社会正变成一个由官僚主义管理方式所控制的巨大企业。在这个企业中，人成为机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的工厂和管弦乐以及心理学家和研究人际关系的专家进行的，但整个润滑并没有改变这样一个事实：人类已变得力不从心；他不能全身心地投入他的工作，他已厌烦他的工作。实际上，蓝领和白领工人已变成伴随着自动化机器和官僚主义管理节奏起舞的经济木偶。
工人和雇员不仅由于担心自己失业而忧虑，他们也因为不能在生活中找到任何真正的满足和兴趣而犯愁。他们从生到死甚至不能作为一个情感上、智力上独立，并能自由发挥创造力的人去面对人类生存的基本现实。
那些处于社会高层的人也不乏忧虑。他们的生活同他们的下属一样空虚。在某些方面他们甚至更加不安全。他们处于高度竞争的境地。得到提升或降职不是工资的问题，更是一个有关自尊的问题。当他们应聘他们的第一份工作时，他们的服从性和独立性的综合表现以及智力都要受到测试。从那时开始，他们一次又一次地被心理学家和他们的上司测试。对心理学家而言，测试是他们的重要工作；上司则通过测试判断他们的处事能力、社交能力和与他人相处能力等等。这种不断地用来证明一个人同他的竞争对手水平相当或强于对手的需要产生了不断的忧虑和压力，也导致了不愉快和疾病。
我是否在建议我们应回到工业化前的生产模式或19世纪的“自由资本”资本主义时期？当然不是。问题决不能通过回到过去的方式来解决。我建议转变我们的社会生产体制，从以追求最大限度的生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理方式的工业体制转变为一个以充分发挥人的潜能（如爱与理性）为目的的人性化工业体制。生产和消费应仅作为达到这个目的的方式，且应防止其控制人类。
题目答案与解析
1.作者通过“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”来试图表达_________。
A.尽管每个人的作用微不足道，人仍然是社会不可分割的一部分
B.人与社会的其余部分完全和睦相处
C.尽管平稳地发挥着作用，人与社会其余部分相比并不重要
D.人是社会中一个地位卑贱的零件，特别是工作顺利的时候
【答案】C
【解析】a well-oiled cog in the machinery：机器中润滑良好的齿轮，指人在社会中所发挥的作用是微不足道的。C项正好与之相一致。
2.工人和雇员忧虑的真正的原因是_________。
A.他们可能失业 B.他们在生活中不能得到真正的满足和兴趣
C.他们面对着人类生存的基本现实 D.他们被剥夺了个性和独立性
【答案】D
【解析】从文章第二段可以得出答案。工人和雇员忧虑的原因是可能失业（out of a job）；生活不能得到真正的满足和兴趣；被剥夺了个性和独立性。D项正好进行了很好的概括。
3.从文中我们可以推出生活中真正的幸福属于_________。
A.处于社会底层的人 B.社会地位高的人
C.证明比竞争者优秀的人 D.远离竞争世界的人
【答案】D
【解析】本题是细节题。从第三段最后一句“这种不断证明自己与竞争对手同样优秀或者超过对手的需要产生不断的忧虑和压力，这正是不愉快和疾病的起因”可知，D项为正确答案。
4.为解决目前的社会问题，作者建议我们应该_________。
A.采用祖先的生产方式 B.付给工人和雇员更高的工资
C.使人能充分发挥自己的潜能 D.认为基础现实是正确的
【答案】C
【解析】第四段第四句指出，“我建议转变我们的社会生产体制，从以追求最大限度的生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理方式的工业体制转变为一个以充分发挥人的潜能（如爱与理性）为目的的人性化工业体制。”C项为正确答案。
5.作者对产业主义的态度的最好概括是_________。
A.赞许 B.不满 C.怀疑 D.容忍
【答案】B
【解析】本题问作者对工业体制的态度。本文作者指出了现代工业社会的种种弊端；第一段指出人的地位微不足道；第二段指出工人与雇员都感到忧虑；第三段指出上层社会的人们也感到忧虑。最后作者提出了改变这种社会体制的建议。因此不难得出，作者认为现行的产业主义不好。所以他对其态度不是A、D、C三项。而是B项。
Text 22
Whatever their chosen method, Americans bathe zealously. A study conducted found that we take an average of 4.5 baths and 7.5 showers each week and in the ranks of non-edible items purchased by store customers, bar soap ranks second, right after toilet paper. We spend more than $700 million annually on soaps, but all work the same way. Soap is composed of molecules that at one end attract water and at the other end attract oil and dirt, while repelling water. With a kind of pushing and pulling action, the soap loosens the bonds holding dirt to the skin.
Unless you're using a germicidal soap, it usually doesn't kill the bacteria — soap simply removes bacteria along with dirt and oil. Neither baths nor showers are all that necessary and unless you're in a Third World country where infectious diseases are common, or you have open sores on your skin, the dirt and bacteria aren't going to hurt. The only reason for showering or bathing is to feel clean and refreshed. There is a physiological basis for this relaxed feeling. Your limbs become slightly buoyant in bathwater, which takes a load off muscles and tension. Moreover, if the water is hotter than normal body temperature, the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow, and dropping blood pressure gently. A bath is also the most effective way to hydrate the skin. The longer you soak, the more water gets into the skin and because soap lowers the surface tension of the water, it helps you hydrate rapidly and remove dry skin flakes.
However, in a bath, all the dirt and grime and the soap in which it's suspended float on the surface. So when you stand up, it covers your body like a film. The real solution is to take a bath and then rinse off with a shower, however, after leaving a tub or freshly exposed skin becomes a playground for microbes. In two hours, you probably have as many bacteria on certain parts of the body, such as the armpits, as before the bath.
1.The statement "Americans bathe zealously" (Line 1, Para. 1) is closest to saying_______.
A.Americans bathe wastefully B.Americans are rather ambivalent to bathing
C.Americans bathe with intense enthusiasm D.Americans bathe too much
2.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the benefits of bathing?
A.Dry skins flakes will disappear from the body once you get out of the bathtub.
B.It kills bacteria better than showering.
C.It reduces your blood circulation if it is nice and warm.
D.The floating action can reduce the stress on your muscles.
3.According to the passage, bathing removes dry skin flakes because_______.
A.the soap draw it off the body
B.the skin hydrates
C.the circulation of blood expands skin particles
D.the change in blood pressure releases the film
4.A bath will not kill the bacteria from your body even if_______.
A.you use a germicidal soap B.use an anti-bacterial soap
C.you use soap to scrub it vigorously D.you are under special treatment for it
5.We can infer from this passage that the author believes_______.
A.the real benefits of bathing are psychological not hygienic
B.bathing is superior to taking shower
C.buying soap is a waste of money
D.we do not need to bathe as much as we do currently
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Moreover, if the water is hotter than normal body temperature, the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow, and dropping blood pressure gently.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin，前面if引导的是条件从句。lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow和dropping blood pressure gently是并列现在分词短语作状语。
［参考译文］而且，如果水温高于正常体温，身体会舒张皮下血管来散热，从而减少循环系统对血流的阻力，慢慢地降低血压。
全文参考译文
不论选择何种方式，美国人对洗澡有种狂热。一项研究发现，我们每周平均洗澡4.5次，淋浴7.5次，并且在商店顾客购买的非食物商品中，条形肥皂位居第二，仅次于卫生纸。我们每年买肥皂的花费超过7亿美元，但是用途都一样。肥皂的分子一端吸水，一端吸油、吸尘，排斥水分。由于斥力和引力的双重作用，肥皂缓释了污垢在皮肤上的附着。
除非使用除菌皂，否则肥皂通常不能杀死细菌，只是让细菌和污垢、油渍一起洗掉。洗澡和淋浴都没有那么必要，如果你不是在传染病流行的第三世界国家，或者皮肤上没有外露的疮口，污垢和细菌不会伤人。淋浴或洗澡的唯一理由是感觉清爽。这种放松的感觉有生理基础。在洗澡水中四肢微微浮起，使肌肉和身体的紧张状态得到松弛。而且，如果水温高于正常体温，身体会舒张皮下血管来散热，从而减少循环系统对血流的阻力，慢慢地降低血压。洗澡也是让皮肤吸水的最为有效的方式。在水中浸泡时间越长，进入皮肤的水分就越多。因为肥皂能减轻水的表面张力，所以有助于皮肤迅速水合，从而去除干燥的皮屑。
但是，在洗澡时，所有污垢和悬浮着污垢的肥皂都浮于水面。所以当你起身时，这些东西像一层薄膜一样覆盖全身。真正的解决方法是，先洗澡，但出浴缸后用淋浴冲洗，否则出浴的皮肤就成了微生物的活动场所。两小时后，在身体的某些部位，如腋窝处细菌数量可能和洗澡前一样多了。
题目答案与解析
1.与句子“Americans bathe zealously”（第一段第一行）最接近的意思是_________。
A.美国人洗澡不经济 B.美国人对洗澡相当矛盾
C.美国人对洗澡极其狂热 D.美国人洗澡太频繁
【答案】C
【解析】从第一段可知，美国人洗澡频繁，对肥皂的消费巨大，因此题中该词应理解为“狂热地”。
2.以下提及的项目中，哪项是洗澡的益处？
A.当你出浴缸时干燥的皮屑会从身上消失。 B.比起沐浴来，洗澡更能杀菌。
C.如果水温良好，洗澡可减少血液循环。 D.漂浮动作能够减少肌肉的压力。
【答案】D
【解析】A项的说法不正确，第三段开头讲到：“在洗澡时，所有污垢和悬浮着污垢的肥皂都浮于水面。所以当你起身时，这些东西像一层薄膜一样覆盖全身。”B项不正确，第二段指出：“除非使用除菌皂，否则肥皂通常不杀菌，只是让细菌和污垢、油渍一起洗掉。”可见，洗澡和淋浴都不杀菌。C项不正确，第二段同时指出：洗澡“减少循环系统对血流的阻力，慢慢地降低血压，”说明洗澡可增加血液循环。只有D项正确，因为第二段指出：“在洗澡水中四肢微微浮起，使肌肉和身体的紧张状态得到松弛。”
3.根据本文，洗澡能够去掉皮屑的原因是_________。
A.肥皂把它从身体上去掉 B.皮肤吸水
C.血液循环使皮肤粒子扩张 D.血液压力的改变去掉了薄膜
【答案】B
【解析】从第二段末尾一句可知，因为肥皂能减轻水的表面张力，所以有助于皮肤迅速吸水，从而去除干燥的皮屑。因此B项为正确答案。
4.洗澡不能杀死人体上的细菌，即使_________。
A.你用了杀菌肥皂 B.你用了抗菌肥皂
C.你用力地用肥皂擦身体 D.你处于特殊的治疗之下
【答案】C
【解析】从第二段可知，肥皂通常不杀菌。因此C项为正确答案。
5.我们从文中可以推断出，作者认为_________。
A.洗澡的益处不在于卫生方面而在于心理方面
B.洗澡比淋浴好
C.购买肥皂浪费钱
D.我们洗澡并不需要像现在这样频繁
【答案】A
【解析】从第二段可知，洗澡不能杀菌，而且污垢和细菌一般情况下不会伤人。同时又谈到：“淋浴或洗澡的唯一理由是感觉清爽。”所以，作者认为洗澡的真正好处不在卫生方面，而在心理方面。因此A项为正确答案。
Text 23
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
1.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when_______.
A.he has given up his smoking habit
B.he has made great efforts in his work
C.he is keen on learning anything new
D.he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
2.In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would_______.
A.succeed in climbing up the social ladder
B.judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
C.face difficulties and take up challenges
D.aim high and reach his goal each time
3.When the author says "a new way of being" (Line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to_______.
A.a new approach to experiencing the world B.a new way of taking risks
C.a new method of perceiving ourselves D.a new system of adaptation to change
4.For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT_________.
A.curiosity about more chances B.promptness in self-adaptation
C.open-mindedness to new experiences D.avoidance of internal fears and doubts
5.Which statement is NOT the cause for the process of personal growth being difficult to define?
A.There are no obvious signposts or landmarks in the process
B.It includes the abstract things such as feeling and attitude etc rather than just a process
C.It is changing and developing constantly
D.There are always new ideas and new challenges appearing during the process
长难例句分析
［长难例句］If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是we cease to grow。前面的两个if引导的都是条件从句，它们之间是并列关系。
［参考译文］如果我们不去面对、不去克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过分地保护自己，那么我们就会停止成长。
全文参考译文
对于成长，人们有两种基本看法：一种是看做结果，另一种是看做过程。人们通常把个人成长看做很容易识别和衡量的外在结果。工人获得提升，学生升学，外国人掌握了一门新语言，这些都是付出之后，取得了可衡量的成绩的例子。
相比之下，对个人成长过程的测定就难得多了。因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是路上的某个路标或里程碑。过程不是道路本身，而是当人遇到新体验或意料之外的障碍时所持的态度和情感，谨慎小心或者勇气十足。在这个过程中，旅途从来没有真正的尽头；总有体验这个世界的新方式、总有尝试的新思路、总会接受新挑战。
为了成长，为了探索新的道路，人们需乐于去冒险，去面对未知世界，去接受开始阶段失败的可能性。当我们尝试新的生存方式时，如何看待自己对我们能力的提高是很必要的。我们认为自己反应敏捷又好奇心强吗？如果那样，我们会抓住更多的机会，我们会更勇于面对陌生的经历。我们是否认为自己害羞而优柔寡断呢？那么这种胆怯感会使我们犹豫不前、行动缓慢，直到我们确信安全，才会更进一步。我们是否认为自己适应或改变得很慢，或是在应对新的挑战时不够精明呢？那样的话，我们可能会更加消极，或者根本不去尝试。
我们要改变、要成长，不安全感、自我怀疑的感觉是不可避免的，也是必要的。如果我们不去面对、不去克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过分地保护自己，那么我们就会停止成长。我们就会作茧自缚。
题目答案与解析
1.一个人被认为取得了个人成长，通常可指_________。
A.他克服掉了吸烟的习惯 B.他在工作中很努力
C.他渴望学习任何新的事物 D.他努力确定自己在人生道路上的位置
【答案】A
【解析】从第一段第二句“人们通常把个人成长看做很容易识别和衡量的外在结果”可知A项为正确答案。A项表达的内容原文并未提到，但我们知道，戒烟是非常不易的，它需要坚定的决心与毅力。正像是一个学生要取得好成绩必须作出努力，最后才能取得成功。
2.在作者的眼中，将个人成长视作一个过程的人会_________。
A.提高社会地位 B.判断自己从个人成就中得到的能力
C.面对困难，迎接挑战 D.要求高，并且每次都实现自己的目标
【答案】C
【解析】从第二段可以得出答案。C项为正确答案。A、B、D项均属于结果。
3.当作者说“为人处世的新方法”（第三段第三行）时，他指的是_________。
A.一种体验世界的新的方法 B.一种冒险的新方法
C.一种自我感知的新方法 D.一种适应改变的新方法
【答案】A
【解析】依据第二段最后一句 ...there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept，因而答案为A项。
4.为了个人成长，以下几项除了_________ 之外作者都提倡。
A.对更多机会充满好奇 B.自我适应快
C.对新的经历能够接受 D.回避内心的恐惧和疑虑
【答案】D
【解析】从最后两段可以得出正确答案。A、B、C项均可以从文章中找到，只有D选项没有提及。
5.个人成长的过程很难描述，下列哪一项不是其原因？
A.这个过程中没有明显的标志和里程碑。
B.这个过程包含很多抽象的东西，诸如感觉、态度等，而不仅仅是一个过程。
C.这个过程始终处在发展变化中。
D.在这个过程中总有新的观念和新的挑战出现。
【答案】D
【解析】其余选项都在文章中有所论及，也可以推理得出。唯有D选项显得很绝对，跟文意不符。
Text 24
There are increasingly fraught relationships that adults are having with children — in all walks of life, from the police and politicians, within the public sector and within communities themselves. The fear of young people has changed the way society is policed, how pupils are treated in schools and how insecure adults relate to children on their estates. Rather than children and young people becoming more violent and anti-social, it is adults who have changed, having fewer relationships with young people and becoming less confident in their dealings with them.
We must explore the role that crime and safety initiatives have on the outlook of the public. The attempt by government, council departments, the police and many others to reduce the fear within communities by developing safety initiatives is having the opposite effect, resulting in the institutionalization of this fear. Curfews have increased adults' fear of young people and reduced the amount of time young children are allowed out to play. They have raised the level of insecurity amongst parents about the safety of their children and ultimately reduced the contact between generations within this community. It is not far from the truth to say that "youth" no longer exists — if by youth we mean the freedom loving rebelliousness. The outcome of this process is breeding a generation of young people who are — if anything different — more fragile and fearful than their grandparents.
Finally, as well as exploring the fear of young people, we must look at the insecurity that parents have for their children. There has been a reduction in play, and specifically in "free play", and the effect of this more regulated environment on children's lives is yet to be determined and not something we can continually ignore in our rush to protect society from children.
1.The author is mainly directing his message towards_______.
A.adults in general B.the younger generation
C.law enforcement authorities D.parents
2.The first paragraph is mainly about_______.
A.the way younger people have changed
B.the change in attitude and treatment towards youth
C.the fewer relationships between youth and adults
D.the fear that youth and adults have towards each other
3.The author sees safety initiatives as part of the problem because_______.
A.they actually cause more rebelliousness
B.they are unpopular with young people
C.they worsen relationships and create more fear
D.they reduce the play young people can use to expend energy
4.The author believes it's possible to say "youth" no longer exists because_______.
A.they have no more rebellion and freedom
B.they are indistinguishable in character from their grandparents
C.they are not allowed to voice their opinions
D.they do not love freedom the way they should
5.To correct the problem the author discusses we are advised to_______.
A.stop being so insecure towards children B.let children play more
C.study the roots and effects of our fear D.stop regulating children's lives
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The fear of young people has changed the way society is policed, how pupils are treated in schools and how insecure adults relate to children on their estates.
［结构分析］本句是主从复合句，主干是The fear...has changed the way..., how...and how...。三个并列的宾语跟随在动词changed之后。police用作动词时，意思是“维持治安”。词组relate to的意思是“交往”。
［参考译文］对年轻人的恐惧已改变了社会治安，改变了学生在学校的待遇，改变了局促不安的成人在住宅区和孩子的交往。
［长难例句］Rather than children and young people becoming more violent and anti-social, it is adults who have changed, having fewer relationships with young people and becoming less confident in their dealings with them.
［结构分析］本句为强调句型，主干是...it is adults who have changed, ...，强调的是adults。rather than引出的短语作状语。由having和becoming引出的两个并列的状语修饰change。
［参考译文］孩子和年轻人并没有变得更加充满暴力和反对社会，而是成年人变了，和年轻人的交往减少，在与年轻人的交往中信心不足。
［长难例句］The attempt by government, council departments, the police and many others to reduce the fear within communities by developing safety initiatives is having the opposite effect, resulting in the institutionalization of this fear.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The attempt...is having the opposite effect, ...。主语之后有三个短语，第一个by表示attempt的施动者，不定式短语to reduce...表示attempt的内容；第二个by表示不定式动词的方式。resulting in是一个动词现在分词短语，作状语。
［参考译文］政府、市政各部门、警方以及众多其他机构试图通过推出安全措施减少社区内部的恐惧，但却适得其反，结果使这种恐惧制度化。
全文参考译文
包括警方和政界、公共部门以及社区自身在内的社会各界，成人和孩子之间的关系愈发使人担忧。对年轻人的恐惧已改变了社会治安，改变了学生在学校的待遇，改变了局促不安的成人在住宅区和孩子的交往。孩子和年轻人并没有变得更充满暴力和反对社会，而是成年人变了，和年轻人的交往减少，在与年轻人的交往中信心不足。
我们必须研究犯罪和安全措施对公众看法的影响。政府、市政各部门、警方以及众多其他机构试图通过推出安全措施减少社区内部的恐惧，但却适得其反，结果使这种恐惧制度化。宵禁增加了成年人对年轻人的恐惧，减少了小孩子被允许出门玩耍的时间，加大了父母对子女安全问题的忧虑，最终减少了社区内部两代人之间的交往。完全可以说，假如我们把“青年”理解为喜好自由的叛逆，那么青年已不复存在。这一过程的结果是，培养出比祖父母更为脆弱，更加胆怯的一代年轻人。
最后，除了研究对年轻人的恐惧之外，我们还必须考察父母对子女的担心。孩子玩耍，特别是“自由玩耍”减少了。这种更加受到约束的环境对孩子生活的影响有待于确定，在保护社会免遭孩子危害的狂潮中，我们不能一直对这种影响视而不见。
题目答案与解析
1.作者写作的主要对象是_________。
A.全体成年人 B.年轻的一代 C.法律强制性权威 D.父母
【答案】A
【解析】综观全文，本文话题主要涉及成年人对年轻人的恐惧，因此作者的写作对象是全体成年人。A项为正确答案。
2.第一段主要讲的是关于_________。
A.年轻人改变的方式 B.对待青少年的态度和方式方面的改变
C.年轻人和成年人之间的交往很少 D.年轻人和成年人之间的恐惧
【答案】B
【解析】从第一段的内容可知，成年人对待青少年的态度和方式方面发生了改变。因此B项为正确答案。
3.作者将安全措施问题视为造成这一问题的部分原因，是因为_________。
A.它们实际上引发了更多的反叛 B.它们在年轻人当中不受欢迎
C.它们使关系恶化并造成了更多的恐惧 D.它们减少了年轻人发泄精力的方式
【答案】C
【解析】从第二段的内容可知，作者指出安全措施适得其反，紧接着讲到安全措施加重了问题，造成成年人对年轻人的恐惧加深，前后信息应为因果关系。因此C项为正确答案。
4.作者认为，可以说“青年”不再存在的原因是_________。
A.他们没有更多的反叛和自由 B.他们和祖父母在性格上没有区别
C.他们不被允许表达见解 D.他们不喜欢应该有的自由方式
【答案】B
【解析】本题应参照第二段的倒数第二句。作者指出，如果我们把“青年”理解为喜好自由的叛逆，那么青年已不复存在。这说明年轻人和祖父母在性格上没有区别。因此B项为正确答案。
5.为了纠正这个问题，作者建议我们应该_________。
A.停止对孩子们的不安全感 B.让孩子们更多地玩耍
C.研究我们恐惧的根源和影响 D.停止对孩子们生活的控制
【答案】C
【解析】综观全文，本文探讨了社会各界对年轻人恐惧的根源和影响。因此C项为正确答案。
Text 25
I wonder if you realize just how many others share your problem. It is so common for people to distort the truth about themselves. Sometimes it's just an invented excuse when you're late for something or a pretence that you like someone you don't. These white lies don't usually harm anyone and indeed often help smooth over difficult social situations. They certainly are embarrassing if exposed but, on the whole, they're easily forgiven.
What you describe is a habit of lying that is more serious than this. I suspect that the lies you tell are ways of defending an idea you have of your own worth. People who have doubts about their own self-esteem often worry that others will judge them as harshly as they feel they deserve because of a secret idea that they are pretty worthless. In other words, they create a false picture of themselves, a picture of someone who meets all the expectations they think others have of them. And as you say, that causes problems—since they have to keep living up to that image. At the same time, they have to tell further lie to cover the stories they have already told. According to some authorities, this is particularly among women especially those who have few opportunities to develop an adequate sense of self-worth.
I suggest you give yourself one day during which you stick solidly to the truth about yourself. Give yourself a small treat at the end of the day if you have managed to keep it up. Wait a week and then try it again. Once you have achieved three separate lie-free days, see if you can cope with three days running, then extend it to a whole week. Don't make a promise to yourself that you will never lie again because almost certainly you will — it's too much to take on at once. Try to change things little by little, by setting yourself manageable targets. After a while, you'll wonder why you ever had the problem at all.
1.This passage is a reply to someone who_______.
A.keeps a habit of lying for vain reasons
B.works hard to meet others' expectations
C.does not know the truth about himself and is too sure of himself
D.does not know how to make a realistic plan for himself
2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？
A.White lies often cause embarrassment in social situations.
B.It is important for women to have an adequate sense of self-worth.
C.It takes a little time to get rid of your habit.
D.Take exercise like running if you are free and keep it up.
3.The expression "living up to" (Line 6, Para. 2) can best be replaced by_________.
A.growing up with B.living with C.seeking D.sticking to
4.In the last paragraph the writer implies that_______.
A.you will solve the problem with patience and a strong will
B.you must be hard on yourself to accomplish something
C.your problem lies in the fact that you hasten to make promises
D.you must set different targets at different stages of your life
5.The writer suggested that______.
A.you should promise yourself never to lie again
B.you should get rid of bad habit gradually
C.you can manage your lying target well
D.you can get rid of the bad habit in the interval of three days
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Sometimes it's just an invented excuse when you're late for something or a pretence that you like someone you don't.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是it's just an invented excuse... or a pretence。when引导的是时间状语。a pretence后面是that引导的同位语从句。
［参考译文］有时候这仅仅是当你迟到的时候编造理由或是假装喜欢一个其实并不喜欢的人。
［长难例句］People who have doubts about their own self-esteem often worry that others will judge them as harshly as they feel they deserve because of a secret idea that they are pretty worthless.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是People...worry that...because of...。people后面是who引导的定语从句，that从句在主句的谓语动词worry后面作宾语。在这个宾语从句中，as harshly as they feel they deserve作状语成分修饰动词judge。最后是由because of引导介词短语作原因状语。
［参考译文］那些怀疑自己尊严的人常担心他人会苛刻地评价他们，就像他们因心里认为自己一文不值而感到自己应得的那样。
［长难例句］Don't make a promise to yourself that you will never lie again because almost certainly you will — it's too much to take on at once.
［结构分析］本句是一个祈使句，主干是Don't make a promise...。that引导的是同位语从句，修饰a promise。because...will是原因状语成分；破折号后面是对这个原因进行进一步的解释。
［参考译文］不要对自己许诺不再说谎，因为无疑你会说谎——马上就付诸实施太难。
全文参考译文
我不知道你是否意识到，有着和你一样问题的人有多少。人们歪曲有关自己的事实是非常普遍的事情。有时候这只是当你迟到的时候编造理由或是假装喜欢一个事实上并不喜欢的人。这些善意的谎言通常不会伤害任何人，而且的确会有助于缓和一些难为人的社交处境。如果被揭穿，这些谎言当然很令人尴尬，不过一般来说，这些谎言轻易就会得到人们的原谅。
你所描述的是一种说谎的习惯，比起上面那种情况要严重得多。我怀疑你说的谎是捍卫自己价值观的方式。那些怀疑自己尊严的人常担心别人会苛刻地评价他们，就像他们因心里认为自己一文不值而感到自己应得的那样。换句话说，他们对自己的认识是错误的。他们认为自己是一个能够满足他人所有期望的人。就像你所说的，这会引发问题——因为他们必须不负众望。同时，他们还要说更多的谎来圆说过的谎。一些专家认为这种情况在女性当中极其普遍，尤其是那些没有机会充分认识自身价值的女性。
我建议你给自己一天的时间，在这一天内你完全坚持做真正的自己。若你能够坚持到底，在一天结束时给自己一个小小的奖励。待下一周再尝试一次。一旦你可以成功地在这单独三天里不说谎，看看你是否能够连续三天做到这一点，接下来把它延长到一个星期。不要对自己许诺不再说谎，因为无疑你会说谎——马上就付诸实施太难。通过树立可达到的目标，一点一滴地努力改变情况。一阵子之后，你就会纳闷为什么你曾经有过这种问题。
题目答案与解析
1.本篇文章是对什么人的回应？
A.出于虚荣而把撒谎当做习惯的人。 B.努力工作以达到别人期望的人。
C.不了解自己，自视过高的人。 D.不知道如何为自己制定现实计划的人。
【答案】A
【解析】综观全文，这是一篇劝人改变习惯、不再说谎的文章。从文章的第二段可知，这部分着重解释了说谎的种种原因，其中很多原因都与虚荣（vain）有关。因此，文章是给因为虚荣而有说谎习惯的人写的。因此A项为正确答案。
2.按照本篇文章，以下各项叙述中哪项是正确的？
A.善意的谎言通常会导致难为人的社交处境。
B.对女性来说，对自我价值有足够的认识是很重要的。
C.改掉习惯要花一点时间。
D.空闲时间进行跑步之类的锻炼并且坚持下去。
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是文章第二段的最后一句话According to some authorities，this is particularly among women especially those who have few opportunities to develop an adequate sense of self-worth，从中可知B项是正确答案。
3.“living up to”（第二段第六行）用_______代替最为适宜？
A.和……一起成长 B.和……一起生活 C.寻找 D.相符
【答案】D
【解析】本题中，living up to的意思是“符合”，与D项意思一致。因此D项为正确答案。
4.在文章最后一段，作者暗示_________。
A.有耐心和坚强的意志，就能解决问题 B.如果要完成事情必须坚强
C.你的问题在于许诺太快 D.你必须在生命的不同阶段定下不同的目标
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章最后一段的最后两句话，从中可以推知，要改变说谎的习惯需要时间、耐心和意志。因此A项是正确答案。
5.作者建议______。
A.你可以跟自己许愿说不再撒谎 B.你可以逐步克服坏毛病
C.你可以很好地管理撒谎目标 D.你可以以三天为周期去克服坏习惯
【答案】B
【解析】在文章的最后一段中可以看出，作者建议对方要逐渐改掉坏毛病，不要急功近利。
Text 26
Today is the anniversary of that afternoon in April a year ago that I first saw the strange and appealing doll in the window of Abe Sheftel's toy shop on Third Avenue near Fifteenth Street, just around the corner from my office, where the plate on the door reads: Dr. Samuel Amory. I remember just how it was that day: the first hint of spring floated across the East River, mixing with the soft-coal smoke from the factories and the street smells of the poor neighborhood.
As I turned the corner on my way to work and came to Sheftel's, I was made once more aware of the poor collection of toys in the dusty window, and I remembered the approaching birthday of a small niece of mine in Cleveland, to whom I was in the habit of sending modest gifts. Therefore, I stopped and examined the window to see if there might be anything suitable, and looked at the confusing collection of unappealing objects — a red toy fire engine, some lead soldiers, cheap baseballs, bottles of ink, pens, yellowed envelopes, and advertisements for soft-drinks. And thus it was that my eyes eventually came to rest upon the doll stored away in one corner, a doll with the strangest, most charming expression on her face. I could not wholly make her out, due to the shadows and the film of dust through which I was looking, but I was aware that a tremendous impression had been made upon me as though I had run into a person, as one does sometimes with a stranger, with whose personality one is deeply impressed.
1.What made an impression on the author？
A.The doll's unusual face. B.The collection of toys.
C.A stranger he met at the store. D.The resemblance of the doll to his niece.
2.Why does the author mention his niece?
A.She likes dolls. B.The doll looks like her.
C.She lives near Sheftel's. D.He was looking for a gift for her.
3.Why did the author go past Sheftel's？
A.He was on his way to work. B.He was looking for a present for his niece.
C.He wanted to buy some envelopes. D.He liked to look in the shop windows.
4.The story takes place in the_______.
A.early summer B.early spring C.midsummer D.late spring
5.Most of the things in the store window were_______.
A.expensive B.appealing C.neatly arranged D.unattractive
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The first hint of spring floated across the East River, mixing with the soft-coal smoke from the factories and the street smells of the poor neighborhood.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是...hint...floated across the East River，现在分词mixing with...作伴随状语。
［参考答案］春天里最早的一丝气息从东河对岸飘过来，和工厂里燃烧烟煤排放出的浓烟、附近街道上贫穷的气息混杂在一起。
［长难例句］As I turned the corner on my way to work and came to Sheftel's, I was made once more aware of the poor collection of toys in the dusty window, and I remembered the approaching birthday of a small niece of mine in Cleveland, to whom I was in the habit of sending modest gifts.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是I was made once more aware of..., and I remembered the approaching birthday。as引导的是时间状语从句，在第二个并列主句的后面接有一个由whom引导的非限定性定语从句用来修饰of的宾语a small niece。
［参考答案］当我从上班的路上转过拐角处来到Sheftel's玩具店时，我立刻就注意到在积满灰尘的橱窗里那几个玩具，然后我想起在Cleveland我的一个小侄女就要过生日了，我习惯给她送一些不太贵的礼物。
［长难例句］It was that my eyes eventually came to rest upon the doll stored away in one corner, a doll with the strangest, most charming expression on her face.
［结构分析］本句是一个强调句型。rest upon的宾语是被强调的成分，因为这个宾语接有过去分词作定语，而且还有一个同位语，因此没有直接放到it was后面，
［参考答案］就这样我的眼睛最后落到那个放在角落里的玩具娃娃身上。那个娃娃的脸上带着一种最奇怪、最有魅力的表情。
全文参考译文
一年前的今天，4月的一个下午，有一家Abe Sheftel's玩具店在第五大街附近的第三大街上，距离我那门上写着“Samuel Amory医生”的办公室非常近，在那儿的橱窗里我首次见到这个奇怪而又很吸引人的玩具娃娃。我还记得当时的情形：春天里最早的一丝气息从东河对岸飘过来，和工厂里燃烧烟煤排放出的浓烟，附近街道上贫穷的气息混杂在一起。
当我从上班的路上转过拐角处来到Sheftel's玩具店时，我立刻就注意到在积满灰尘的橱窗里那几个玩具，然后我想起在Cleveland我的一个小侄女就要过生日了，我习惯给她送一些不太贵的礼物。所以我停下来仔细瞧瞧橱窗里是否有什么适合的东西，但看到了一堆莫名其妙并不招人喜爱的东西—— 一件红色的玩具救火车、一些铅制的士兵、廉价的棒球、一瓶瓶墨水、钢笔、黄信封，还有软饮料的广告。就这样我的眼睛最后落到那个放在角落里的玩具娃娃身上。那个娃娃的脸上带着一种最奇怪、最有魅力的表情。由于是透过橱窗上一层灰尘观看并且光线阴暗，我无法完全把她辨认出来。但是我意识到那个娃娃给我留下了深刻的印象就像是我撞到了一个人，就像有时候一个人对一个有着鲜明个性的陌生人所产生的深刻印象。
题目答案与解析
1.什么给作者留下了印象？
A.娃娃奇怪的脸。 B.一堆礼物。
C.他在店里遇到的陌生人。 D.娃娃和他侄女的脸的相同之处。
【答案】A
【解析】本题的依据是文章最后一段中的两句话a doll with the strangest, most charming expression on her face...a tremendous impression had been made upon me。因此A项为正确答案。
2.作者提及他的侄女的原因是什么？
A.她喜欢娃娃。 B.娃娃看上去像她侄女。
C.她住在Sheftel's玩具店附近。 D.他正在为她寻找礼物。
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。开始时作者就说是在上班的路上路过那家玩具店，当时碰巧想起每年要给自己的侄女买件生日礼物，而且他常送给侄女不太贵的玩具因此才停下来看看有没有合适的。这里提到侄女应该是作者为自己下一步的举动作出的一个铺垫。因此D项为正确答案。
3.作者经过Sheftel's玩具商店的门口的原因是什么？
A.他在去上班的路上。 B.他在给他侄女寻找礼物。
C.他想买点信封。 D.他喜欢看橱窗。
【答案】A
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。开始时作者就说是在上班的路上路过那家玩具店，从中可知作者并非专门去玩具店买东西，只不过是路过而已。因此A项为正确答案
4.本篇故事发生在_________。
A.早夏 B.早春 C.仲夏 D.晚春
【答案】B
【解析】从文中第一行中间的in April和第四行的the first hint of spring可知，B项为正确答案。
5.在玩具店橱窗中多数的东西_________。
A.昂贵 B.吸引人 C.安排得很整洁 D.不引人注意
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是文章第二段的I looked at the confusing collection of unappealing objects，其中unappealing和D项中的unattractive一样，意思都是“不吸引人的”，因此D为正确答案。
Text 27
The long, wet summer here in the northeastern U.S. not withstanding, there's a world shortage of pure, fresh water. As demand for water hits the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves.
Many people ask why we cannot simply take it from the sea, using our sophisticated technology of desalinization but a good water supply must be hygienically safe and pleasant tasting and water containing salt would corrode machinery used in manufacturing in addition to producing chemical impurities. Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us.
One very feasible way of sustaining our supply of freshwater is to protect the ecology of our mountains. Mountains and water go together, a fact to which Secretary General Kofi Annan has drawn attention more than once. From 30 to 60% of downstream fresh water in humid areas and up to 95% in arid and semi-arid environments are supplied by mountains. Without interference nature has its own way of purifying water — even though chlorination and filtration are still necessary as a precaution. In a mountainous area, aeration, due to turbulent flow and waterfalls, causes an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the water. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric generators and homes that need water to drink and for domestic use depend on these resources and, thus, we must protect mountainous areas as a means of survival.
1.The author of this passage states that_______.
A.the problem of obtaining good drinking water has plagued man throughout time
B.palatability is synonymous with, purity of water
C.most of the world's water is unusable as a water supply
D.man no longer depends on desalinization for his water supply
2.The author believes that industry avoids salt water because_______.
A.water is needed for livestock
B.crops must be considered before man-made products
C.it is used in desalinization plants
D.it causes corrosion
3.Streams would purify themselves if not for_______.
A.human beings B.nature C.chlorination D.mountains
4.By saying that "nature has its own way of purifying water" (Line 4, Para. 3) the author is referring to_________.
A.aeration B.filtration C.chlorination D.absorption
5.The best title for this passage is "_______".
A.The Water Problem: The Dangers Ahead B.The Water Supply Problem: Our Options
C.The Mountains: Our Only Hope for Water D.Water Conservation: The Challenges Ahead
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是man is left to face the reality。that引导的是同位语从句，修饰reality。前面的since引导的是原因状语从句。
［参考译文］由于我们95％以上的水资源都存在于含盐的海洋，人类只得面对现实：地球表面的大部分水资源我们无法获得。
全文参考译文
尽管美国东北部的夏季漫长而湿润，但在世界范围纯净淡水短缺。随着水的需求达到有限供应的极限，共享跨边界淡水资源的国家之间正酝酿着潜在的争端。
许多人问道，我们为何不利用先进的脱盐技术向海洋获取淡水呢？但是，良好的水资源必须健康安全，味道适宜，而盐水除了产生化学杂质外，还会腐蚀生产设备。由于我们95％以上的水资源都存在于含盐的海洋，人类只得面对现实：地球表面的大部分水资源我们无法获得。
维持淡水供应的一个非常可行的方法是，保护我们山区的生态。山水相伴而生，科菲·安南秘书长不只一次提醒过这个事实。湿润地区30％～60％，干旱、半干旱环境多达95％的下游淡水都是由山脉提供。在没有干预的情况下，大自然有自己的方式净化水源——尽管氯化和过滤仍是必要的预防措施。在山区，由于湍急的水流和瀑布，充气导致大气和水之间空气的交换。工农业、水力发电机以及家庭用水依赖于这些资源，因此，我们必须把山区作为生存手段加以保护。
题目答案与解析
1.本文作者声明：______。
A.获得良好的饮用水的问题一直困扰着人们
B.palatability与纯净水同义
C.地球表面的大部分水资源无法使用
D.人类不再依靠脱盐作用来获得水的供应
【答案】C
【解析】从第二段的末尾可知，地球表面的大部分水资源我们无法获得。因此C项为正确答案。
2.作者认为工业应避免使用盐水，原因是_________。
A.家畜需要水 B.比起人造产品，应优先考虑农作物
C.它被有脱盐作用的工厂所使用 D.它引起腐蚀
【答案】D
【解析】从第二段可知，海水腐蚀生产设备。因此D项为正确答案。
3.如果不是因为_________，河流会自我净化。
A.人类 B.大自然 C.用氯处理 D.山脉
【答案】A
【解析】从第三段可知，在没有干预的情况下，大自然有自己的方式净化水源。因此A项为正确答案。
4.通过说大自然“有自己的方式净化水源”（第三段第四行），作者指的是_________。
A.充气 B.过滤 C.氯化 D.吸收
【答案】A
【解析】本题中大自然净化水源的方式指的是后文提到的充气。因此A项为正确答案。
5.本文最恰当的标题是_________。
A.水的问题：面临的危险 B.水的供给问题：我们的选择
C.山脉：我们获取水的唯一希望 D.水的保护：面临的挑战
【答案】B
【解析】综观全文，本文探讨淡水资源的获取并且给出解决办法，因此B项为正确答案。
Text 28
The United States is often considered a young nation, but in fact it is next to the oldest continuous government in the world, and the reason is that its people have always been willing to accommodate themselves to change. It should be realized, however, that sharing benefits of our achievements was the result of trial and error. Unprincipled businessmen had first to be restrained by government before they came to learn that they must serve the general good in pursuing their economic interests. Thus, although early statesmen strongly believed in private enterprise, they chose to make the post office a government monopoly and to give the schools to public ownership. Since then, government has broadened its activities in many ways including preventing monopolies from taking over the economy.
Increased growth by acquisition by our largest corporations has resulted in a situation where virtually independent economic giants will dominate the American economy. Growth of these vast corporate structures, even though accompanied by an increase in the number of much smaller and less powerful companies that operate under their control, foretells the creation of monopoly — like structures throughout American business. In general, the major acquisitions by the sample companies were corporate organizations that were profitable and successful before acquisition. The main effect of the merger or acquisition was to transfer control and management of an already successful enterprise to a new group. Profitability ratios indicate that, in most instances, the acquired companies operated less efficiently after acquisition.
Americans hold with Lincoln that "the legitimate object of government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done but cannot do at all, or cannot do so well for themselves, in their separate and individual capacities." Clearly, merger restriction is one example of legitimate government intervention.
1.It is implied that the main quality of the United States stressed is its_______.
A.youth B.shared wealth C.trial and error D.flexibility
2.The term "general good" (Line 5, Para. 1) refers to_______.
A.efficient practices B.ethical practices
C.common well-being D.profitable decisions
3.The creation of U.S. post office monopoly is cited as an example of a_______.
A.replacement of the existing economic order B.restraint of unprincipled businessmen
C.flexible view of government D.system of shared profits
4.From the passage we learn that when mergers occurred, the added companies had_______.
A.low profitability ratios B.management difficulties
C.poor productivity D.achieved success
5.The author's view of mergers is_______.
A.critical B.cautious C.qualified D.favorable
长难例句分析
［长难例句］Increased growth by acquisition by our largest corporation has resulted in a situation where virtually independent economic giants will dominate the American economy.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Increased growth... has resulted in a situation...。situation后面的where引导的是定语从句。两个by中，第一个by表示方式，第二个by表示施动者。
［参考答案］通过收购，我们的最大型企业获得继续发展，这将导致这个独立的经济巨头支配美国经济。
［长难例句］Growth of these vast corporate structures，even though accompanied by an increase in the number of much smaller and less powerful companies that operate under their control，foretells the creation of monopoly-like structures throughout American business.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是Growth...foretells the creation...。even though引导的状语作插入语，that引导定语从句，修饰companies。their指代these vast corporate structures。
［参考答案］尽管与此同时规模小得多、实力弱得多、在其控制下运作的公司数量也在增长，但是这些庞大企业结构的发展预示了美国商业界类似垄断的结构会产生。
全文参考译文
美国常常被认为是一个年轻的国度，但实际上，它差不多是世界上执政时间最长的政府，原因是美国人民总是愿意适应变化。然而，应意识到，共享我们成就所带来的好处是反复尝试和失败的结果。不守规矩的商人必须首先由政府加以约束才能逐渐认识到，在追求经济利益的同时，自己必须服务于公益。所以虽然早期政治家坚定地认为企业应该私有，但他们情愿让邮政为政府垄断，使学校为公共所有。自此以后，政府在诸多方面扩展了活动范围，包括防止垄断控制经济。
通过收购，我们的最大型企业获得继续发展。这将导致这个独立的经济巨头支配美国经济。尽管与此同时规模小得多、实力弱得多、在其控制下运作的公司数量也在增长，但是这些庞大企业结构的发展预示了美国商业界类似垄断的结构会产生。通常来说，典范公司主要收购之前赢利的成功企业组织。合并或收购的主要影响在于，将一个业已成功企业的调控和管理转移到一个新的集团。赢利率表明，在多数情况下，被收购的公司在收购后运作效率降低。
美国人赞成林肯的观点：“政府的合理目标是：为社会民众去做他们需要做到的、但以各自或个人之能力不能做到或者不能做好的事情。”很明显，限制合并是政府合理干预的一个例证。
题目答案与解析
1.文中暗示，美国所强调的主要特征是它的_________。
A.年轻 B.财富共享 C.反复试验 D.灵活变通
【答案】D
【解析】从文章的首句可知，美国政府之所以几乎是世界上执政时间最长的政府，其原因在于美国人民总是愿意适应变化，据此可推知，D项为正确答案。
2.词语“general good”（第一段第五行）指的是_________。
A.有效的实践 B.道德的实践 C.公共福利 D.有利的决定
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是原文的They must serve the general good in pursuing their economic interests，根据后续提示可知， general good的词义一定与their economic interests相反。因此C项为正确答案。
3.引用美国邮政垄断这个例子是用来说明_________。
A.现有经济制序的替代 B.对不守规矩商人的约束 C.政府灵活的政策 D.共享利润制度
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。可以通过关联词语判定，该例前有thus，说明是承接上文。上文讲的是美国乐于适应变化。据此推断，举出该例是为了说明政府自由的观念。因此C项为正确答案。
4.从文中我们了解到，公司之间进行合并时，新加入的公司_________。
A.利润低 B.管理困难 C.生产力低下 D.已获得成功
【答案】D
【解析】本题的依据是原文的In general，the major acquisitions by the sample companies were corporate organizations that were profitable and successful before acquisition，从中可知，被合并的公司在收购前是成功运作的。
5.作者对合并所持的观点是_________。
A.批评的 B.谨慎的 C.有资格的 D.赞成的
【答案】A
【解析】从本文的第二段可知，作者先后指出，最大型企业的收购带来的最终结果是经济巨头统治美国经济，而且收购后的公司运作效率不如以前，可见作者对合并持批判态度。因此A项为正确答案。
Text 29
To us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun.
Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, was back in the eleventh century B.C.
We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.
1.The first use of umbrella was as_______.
A.protection against rain B.a shade against the sun
C.a symbol of power D.a symbol of honor
2. ________ were the people who first used umbrellas.
A.Chinese B.Romans C.Greeks D.Egyptians
3.The umbrella was used only by royalty or by those in high offices_______.
A.in Europe in the 18th century B.in ancient Egypt and Babylon
C.in the Far East in ancient times D.during the Middle Ages
4.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A.Women enjoy using umbrellas with varied kinds of colors nowadays.
B.The inventor of the umbrella is unknown.
C.Once ordinary people had no right to use umbrellas.
D.Umbrellas were popular and cheap in ancient times.
5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A.When Was the Umbrella Invented B.The History of Umbrella
C.Umbrella — A Symbol of Honor D.Who Used Umbrella First
长难例句分析
［长难例句］But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans.
［结构分析］本句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的名词从句，而这个名词从句是一个主系表结构，其中the first persons in Europe是主语，不定式to use...是定语，系动词是were，表语是the ancient Romans。
［参考译文］可我们认为在欧洲最初用伞防雨的人是古罗马人。
［长难例句］It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.
［结构分析］本句是一个由it引导的强调句，转换成正常语序则应是Women's umbrellas did not begin to be made in a whole variety of colors until the twentieth century，其中not until the twentieth century作句子的时间状语。
［参考译文］直到20世纪，女士们的伞才开始被做成各种各样的颜色。
全文参考译文
对我们来说，下雨时打伞防雨看起来是很自然的。但事实上伞并不是为了遮雨而发明的，它最初的用途是遮阳。
事实上无人知道最早发明了伞的人是谁，但它在远古时代就已被使用。可能早在公元前11世纪，中国人就开始使用伞了。
我们知道在古埃及和古巴比伦伞被用来遮阳。并且有一件奇怪的事情和伞的使用相关：它成为荣誉和权利的象征。在古时的远东地区，只有皇亲国戚、达官贵人才能使用伞。
在欧洲，最早用伞遮阳的是希腊人。并且伞在古希腊被广泛使用。可我们认为在欧洲最初用伞防雨的是古罗马人。
伞的使用在中世纪事实上消失了。后来在16世纪晚期它又重现在意大利。并且又一次被视为权利和权威的象征。到1680年，伞出现在法国，而后是在英格兰。
到18世纪，在欧洲的多数地区，人们用伞来防雨。一直以来，伞在样式上没有太大的变化，虽然它们在重量上减轻不少。直到20世纪，女士们的伞开始被做成各种各样的颜色。
题目答案与解析
1.最初伞被用来_________。
A.防雨 B.遮蔽阳光 C.作为权利的象征 D.作为荣誉的象征
【答案】B
【解析】本题的依据是第一段的最后一句话Its first use was a shade against the sun，因此B项为正确答案。
2.最早使用伞的是_________。
A.中国人 B.罗马人 C.希腊人 D.埃及人
【答案】A
【解析】本题的依据是文章第二段的最后一句话Probably the first to use it were the Chinese，因此A项为正确答案。
3.在_________，只有贵族或高官才可以使用伞。
A.18世纪的欧洲 B.古埃及和古巴比伦
C.古时的远东地区 D.中世纪
【答案】C
【解析】本题的依据是文章第三段的最后一句话In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices，因此C项为正确答案。
4.按照本篇文章，下面哪项是错误的？
A.女士喜欢使用各种颜色的伞。 B.伞的发明者现在还不知道。
C.普通人曾经没有使用伞的权利。 D.在古代伞既便宜又普遍。
【答案】D
【解析】综观全文，只有D项文中并未提及，因此D项是正确答案。
5.下面哪项是本文最好的标题？
A.伞是何时发明的 B.伞的历史 C.伞——荣誉的象征 D.谁最早使用伞
【答案】B
【解析】从文中内容可知，作者是按照时间顺序讲述伞的历史。因此B项是正确答案。
Text 30
"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to_______.
A.predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
B.indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
C.prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
D.warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
2.The author implies that by the year 2000,_______.
A.there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
B.90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
C.the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
D.there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes_______.
A.that are always in operation in a healthy person
B.which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
C.that can be driven out of normal cells
D.which normal cells can't turn off
4.The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means_______.
A.dead B.ever-present C.inactive D.potential
5.It can be inferred that the severity of cancers can be ranked as_________.
A.skin cancer, lung cancer, pancreas cancer B.skin cancer, Pancreas cancer, lung cancer
C.lung cancer, skin cancer, pancreas cancer D.pancreas cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer
长难例句分析
［长难例句］The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
［结构分析］本句中，主干是The researchers made great progress。when引导的是非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的时间。在这个定语从句中， that...cells是宾语从句，其中which are cancer-causing genes为非限定性定语从句，修饰oncogenes。
［参考译文］在20世纪70年代初，研究者们取得了重大进展，那时他们发现在普通细胞中，致癌基因并不活跃。
全文参考译文
“我深信，在本年代末，我们将对癌细胞的产生有更详细的了解。”微生物学家及癌症专家Robert Weinberg说。“但是，”他警告说，“有些人认为，一旦人们找到了病因，就会很快找到治疗办法。想一想Pasteur，他发现了许多传染病的起因，但是五六十年后才出现了治疗方法。”
今年，91万癌症患者中，50％的人至少可生存5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年，这个数字将会是75％。对于一些皮肤癌患者，5年的生存率高达90％。但是其他生存统计数字仍令人失望——肺癌患者13％，胰腺癌患者2％。
由于存在着120多种不同的癌症，发现癌症的机理并不容易。在20世纪70年代初，研究者们取得了重大进展，那时他们发现在普通细胞中，致癌基因并不活跃。从宇宙射线辐射到饮食的任何东西都可能激活处于休眠状态的致癌基因，但如何维持这种状态还不为人知。如果一些致癌基因被激活，而细胞不能消灭它们，细胞就变成癌细胞。
包含其中的准确机理仍然是一个未知数。但是许多癌症起因于基因这一可能性，表明我们永远不能预防所有的癌症。“变化是进化过程的正常组成部分，”肿瘤学家William Haywar说。环境因素永远不可完全排除在外；正如他指出的那样，“我们无法准备一种对付宇宙射线的药物。”
治疗前景虽然还很遥远，但越加光明起来。
“首先，我们需要知道普通细胞是如何控制自己的。其次，我们必须确定细胞中是否有有限数量的基因经常成为癌症的起因或至少部分起因。如果我们知道了癌症发作机理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”
题目答案与解析
1.文中举用Pasteur的例子，是用来_________。
A.预言10年后癌症的秘密将被揭开 B.预示治疗癌症的前景是光明的
C.证明50～60年后癌症将被治愈 D.告诫在征服癌症之前还有很长的路要走
【答案】D
【解析】从第一段最后一句“想一想Pasteur吧，他发现了许多传染病病因，但是过了五六十年才有了治疗方法”，可知D项为正确答案。
2.作者暗示到2000年，______。
A.5年生存率的皮肤癌患者会有大幅度的增加
B.今天90％的皮肤癌病人仍然活着
C.各种癌症患者之间的生存率统计数字将会持平
D.所有癌症患者生存率不会有大的提高
【答案】D
【解析】本题为推断题。A、B、C项均不正确。D项正确。
3.致癌基因就是引起癌症的基因，它们_________。
A.总是活跃在健康人体内 B.只要不被激活，就不会有害
C.可以从正常细胞中驱赶出去 D.正常细胞无法排除
【答案】B
【解析】从第三段第二句意为：“20世纪70年代初，研究者们取得了很大进步，当时他们发现在正常细胞中，致癌基因并不活跃。从宇宙射线到辐射饮食等任何东西都可能激活休眠的致癌基因，但这一过程仍然不为人知。如果几个致癌基因被激活，而细胞不能将他们消灭，则会成为癌细胞。”从中可知B项为正确答案。
4.第三段中的单词“dormant”最有可能意味着_________。
A.死的 B.经常存在的 C.不活动的 D.潜在的
【答案】C
【解析】dormant：adj. 睡眠状态的，静止的，隐匿的。inactive：adj. 无行动的，不活动的，停止的，怠惰的，非活动的。可知答案为C项。
5.按照严重性程度，可以推理出癌症的顺序为_________。
A.皮肤癌，胰腺癌，肺癌 B.皮肤癌，肺癌，胰腺癌
C.肺癌，皮肤癌，胰腺癌 D.胰腺癌，肺癌，皮肤癌
【答案】D
【解析】从活过5年的癌症患者的比例来看，分别是皮肤癌90％，肺癌13％和胰腺癌2％，由此可以推理出来其严重程度。